耶鲁大学开放课程OpenYaleCourseIntroduction to Psychology 13文档格式.docx
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耶鲁大学开放课程OpenYaleCourseIntroduction to Psychology 13文档格式.docx
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llturntotoday.
Sofirst,we'
lldiscusshowarepeopledifferent,differenttheoriesaboutwhatmakesyoudifferentinapsychologicalwayfromthepersonsittingnexttoyou,andthenwe'
llreviewdifferenttheoriesaboutwhypeoplearedifferent.Andthisistheclasswhichisgoingtobotherthemostpeople.It'
snotdualism.It'
snotevolution.It'
sthisbecausethescientificfindingsonhumanpsychologicaldifferencesare,tomanyofus,shockingandunbelievable.AndIwilljusttrytopersuadeyoutotakethemseriously.
Okay.So,howarepeopledifferent?
Well,there'
sallsortsofways.Yoursexualidentity--Itisatthecoreofyourbeingforalmostallofuswhetheryou'
remaleorfemale.Howwerefertoyouinlanguage,whatpronounweuse,isindexedonhowwe--onyour--onhow--whetheryou'
remaleorfemaleandrelatedtothatthoughimperfectlyisyoursexualorientation,whoyou'
reattractedto.Thequestionofwhysomeofusthinkofourselvesasmalesandothersasfemales,andthequestionofwhysomeofuswouldideallywanttohavesexwithmales,otherswithfemales,otherswithboth,andthenafewotherswhohavehardertodefinedesires,issuchagoodquestionthatwe'
regoingtotalkaboutitafterspringbreakwhileallthesexualdesirehasbeenspentandyoucouldfocuson[laughter]onascientificdiscussionofthis--notthatIrecommendyoudothatonspringbreak.
Howhappyareyou?
Thisisalsosuchagoodtopicit'
sgoingtogetitsownclass.Theverylastclassofthesemesterisdevotedtohappinessandthequestionofwhatmakespeoplehappy,whatmakespeopleunhappy,andwhatmakespeopledifferintheirhappiness.IfIaskedyoutorankhowhappyyouarefromascaleof1to10,thenumberswoulddifferacrossthisroom.Andthere'
sdifferenttheoriesastowhy.Yoursuccessandfailureinlife--Thisissomewhatinterestingbecauseyoucouldstudythisinmoreorlessobjectiveways.Wedon'
thavetoaskpeople.Wecouldlookatyourrelationships,howtheybegin,howtheyend,yourjobsatisfaction.Wecouldlookatyourcriminalrecords.Someofyouaregoingtoseetime.Mostwillnot.Someofyouwillgetintolittletroublesallthroughyourlife.Someofyoualreadyhaveseentheinsideofapolicestation,possiblyalineup.Otherscouldn'
tgonearsuchathing.Whatdeterminesthat?
Andattherootofallhumandifferencesaretwomainfactors.Andso,Iwanttotalkaboutthetwomaininterestingfactors.Oneispersonality.Theotherisintelligence.Andthisiswhat--ThesearethedifferencesI'
lltalkabouttodayfirstfromthestandpointofhowdowecharacterizethem,howdoweexplainthem,andthenfromthestandpointofwhythesedifferencesexistinthefirstplace.
Onewaytocharacterizepersonalityisintermsofpeople'
sstylewithdealingwith--indealingwiththeworldandparticularlytheirstylewithdealing--indealingwithotherpeople.So,youtakeasimplecharacteryouknowofandyoucouldtalkaboutthatperson'
spersonality.Youcouldtalkaboutitintermsofbeingimpulsive,irresponsible,sometimeslazy,good-hearted.Youcouldcomparethatperson'
spersonalitywithotherpeople'
spersonalitiessuchasmycolleaguewhogaveatalklastclass.He'
swonderful.He'
sresponsibleandreliableandverykind[laughter]anddifferentfromHomer.Andso,thisdifferenceisadifferenceinpersonality.
Now,whenwetalkaboutpersonalitywe'
retalkingaboutsomethingelseaswell.We'
retalkingaboutastabletraitacrosssituationsandtime.So,ifallofasuddenthepersonnexttoyoukindofsmacksyouinthehead,youmightbeangrybutwewouldn'
tcallthat"
personality"
becausethat'
ssomethingthat'
saresultofasituation.We'
dallfeelthatwayinthatsituation.It'
s"
ifyouwalkaroundallthetimeangry.That'
dbeastabletrait.That'
dbesomethingyoucarryaroundwithyouandthat'
swhatwemeanbypersonality.
Now,howdowescientificallycharacterizedifferencesinpersonality?
Andit'
sadeepquestion.There'
sbeenalotofattemptstodoso.Anyassessmenthas--Anygoodassessmenthastosatisfytwoconditions.Andthesearetermswhicharegoingtoshowupalloverpsychologicalresearchbutit'
sparticularlyrelevantforthissortofmeasure.Oneis"
reliability."
Reliabilitymeansthereisnotmeasurementerror.Andonecrudewaytothinkaboutreliabilityis,atestisreliableifyoutestthesamepersonatdifferenttimesandyougetthesameresult.MybathroomscaleisreliableifwheneverIstandonit,itgivesmemoreorlessthesamenumber.It'
snotreliableifit'
soffbytenpoundsinthecourseofaday.Similarly,ifIgiveyouapersonalitytestnowanditsaysthatyou'
reanxiousanddefensive,well--andthengiveittoyoutomorrowanditsaysyou'
recalmandopenminded,it'
snotareliabletest.So,reliableissomethingyoucouldtrustovertime.
"
Validity"
issomethingdifferent.Validityisthatyourtestmeasureswhatit'
ssupposedtomeasure.So,validitymeansit'
ssortofagoodtest.Forgetabouthowreliableitis.Doesittapwhatyou'
reinterestedin?
So,forexample,supposeIdetermineyourintelligencebythedateofyourbirth.IfigureoutwhatdayyouwerebornandIhaveatheorythat,fromthat,predictshowsmartyouare.That'
smyintelligencetest,thedateofyourbirth.MaybepeopleborninJanuaryarethedumbest,peopleborninDecemberarethesmartest.Isthat--IwasbornonChristmasEve.[laughter]Isthatareliabletest?
Yes,it'
sawonderfullyreliabletest.I'
lltestyoutoday;
I'
lltestyoutomorrow;
lltestyounextyear;
lltestyouthedayyoudie;
llgetthesameIQscore.Isitavalidtest?
It'
sajoke.It'
sabsolutelynotavalidtest.Ithasnothingtodowithintelligence.Butyounoticedthesearetwodifferentthings.Somethingcanbereliablebutnotvalidandsomethingcanbevalidandnotreliable.
Now,therearenoshortageofpersonalitytests.Youcouldgetthemallovertheplaceincludingontheweb.So,Itookonerecently.Itook"
whichsuperheroareyou?
[laughter]Andit'
saseriesofquestionsdeterminingwhatsuperheroyouare.Youcouldtakethisyourselfifyouwantto.Thesamewebpage,bytheway,offersyouatestinwhetheryou'
re"
hot"
ornot.We'
lldiscussthatlater.AndwhenIdidthis[laughter]ittoldmeIwasBatman[laughter]and"
youaredark,lovegadgets,andhavevowedtohelptheinnocentnotsufferthepainyouhaveendured."
Now,thehonest--[laughter]Now,tobehonestthough,it'
sneitherreliablenorvalid.WhenIfirstdidthetestIcameupas"
TheIncredibleHulk."
Ithenchangedmyanswersabitandwas"
WonderWoman."
[laughter]Andfinally,outoffrustration,IcarefullytailoredmyanswerssoIwouldbeBatman.ButthefactthatIcandothat,well,raisesquestionsaboutboththereliabilityofthismeasureanditsvalidity.
Hereisanexample鈥�arealworldexample.Thisis,inblackandwhiteform,aversionoftheRorschachtest,theRorschachinkblottest.HowmanypeoplehaveheardoftheRorschachtest?
Okay.Isthereanybodyherewhohasactually,inanysortofsituation,takenaRorschachtest?
Somepeoplescatteredintheroomhavetakenthem.Itwasoriginallyusedonlyforpsychiatriccasesbutthenbecameextremelycommon.AbouteightypercentofclinicalpsychologistsclaimtouseitandmostgraduateprogramsintheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationwhoareaccreditedteachit.Catholicseminariesuseitforpeoplewhowanttojointheseminary.
ItwasinventedbyaguynamedHermanRorschach.Hedevotedhisentirelifetotheinkblottest.Hisnicknamewhenhewasateenager鈥�Iamnotkiddingyou鈥�was"
Inkblot."
[laughter]Andtheideaisbylookingattheseinkblotsandthenseeingwhatsomebodysaysyougetgreatinsightsintothenatureoftheirpersonality,intowhattheyare.Anybodywanttotryit?
Comeon.Yes.Whatdoyousee?
Student:
Iseetwopeopleholdinghandspressedtogether.
Twopeopleholdinghandspressedtogether.Verygood.Anybodyhaveadifferentreading?
Yes,inback.Yes.Yes.
Dancingbears.
Dancingbears.Okay.Good.[laughter]Good.Okay.Igottowriteyournamedown--[laughs][laughter]reportyoutohealth--No.Dancingbears,verygood.Anybodyelse?
Oneother.Yes.
Amaninaskimask.
Amaninaskimask.Well,itturnsoutthattherearerightanswersandwronganswerstotheRorschachtest.Accordingtothetest,andthisisfromarealRorschachtest,"
itisimportanttoseetheblotastwohumanfigures,usuallyfemalesorclowns."
Goodworkoverthere."
Ifyoudon'
t,it'
sseenasasignyouhaveproblemsrelatingtopeople."
[laughter]Ifyouwanttogofor"
acaveentrance"
or"
butterfly"
vagina,"
that'
salsookay.[laughter]
Now,theRorschachtestistranscendentlyuseless.Ithasbeenstudiedandexploredanditisasuselessasthrowingdice.Itisasuselessastealeaves.Nonetheless,peopleloveitandit'
susedallovertheplace.Itisusedforexampleinchildcustodycases.Ifyouhavebrokenupwithyourpartnerandyouguysarequarrelingoverwhogetstokeepthekids,youmightfindyourselfinashrink'
sofficelookingatthis.Andi
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