一种新的衡量情绪识别能力的测验松本和艾克曼的日本人与高加索人的短暂表情识别测验 毕业论文外文翻译Word下载.docx
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一种新的衡量情绪识别能力的测验松本和艾克曼的日本人与高加索人的短暂表情识别测验 毕业论文外文翻译Word下载.docx
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Kleck,1970;
Levy,1964;
Zuckerman,Hall,DeFrank,&
Rosenthal,1976;
Zuckerman,Larrance,Hall,DeFrank,&
Rosenthal,1979),self-monitoring(Mill,1984;
Mufson&
Nowicki,1991;
Riggio&
Friedman,1982);
socialdesirability(Cunningham,1977);
depression,control,aggression,andgregariousness(Toner&
Gates,1985);
andsocialstyle,mentalability,achievement,andpsychologicalmindedness(LeRoux,1987).Ontheother
hand,Cunningham(1977)failedtoreplicatearelationshipbetweenself-monitoringandERA,andZuckermanetal.(1979)foundarelationshipforwomenbutnotmen.Buck,Savin,Miller,andCaul(1972)foundarelationshipbetweenERAandextraversion,asdidZuckermanetal.(1979).Cunningham(1977),however,didnotreplicatethesefindings,andinsteadfoundarelationshipwithneuroticism.
Theoretically,itisnotunreasonabletoconsiderthatERAshouldberelatedtostablepersonalitytraits.Individualswhoarebetteratjudgingemotionsinothersshouldhavegreaterdegreesofinterpersonalconsciousnessorconcern;
theyshouldbemoreintunewiththeirenvironment,andwithothers.Asanimportantcomponentofournonverbalcommunicationsystem,suchskillswouldbenecessaryforsuccessfuladaptationandmanipulationoftheenvironment,ensuringthestabilityandintegrityoftheself.
BecauseERAisanimportantpartofourdailylives,itiseasytoconsiderhowit
shouldberelatedtovariouspersonalityconstructs,suchasthosespecifiedinthefivefactormodel.Extraversion,forexample,isassociatedwithstimulationseekingfromothersandtheenvironment.Assuch,extravertsshouldbemorewillingtotakeindataconcerningtheemotionsofothers,beingmoreinterpersonallyconsciousofothersintheenvironment.Individualswhoscorehighonneuroticism,however,tendtobeemotionallyavoidant;
becausetheyarepronetoexperiencenegativeemotions,theyshouldhaveatendencytoavoidtherecognitionandawarenessofothers’emotions.Thepersonalityconstructofopennessissimilartoextraversioninthesensethatopenindividualstendtobecuriousandinterestedinstimulation;
theyshouldbemoreattendanttotheemotionsofothers.Conscientiousnessisrelatedtocooperationwithandattendingtoothers;
conscientiousindividualsaremorethorough,reliable,andefficient.Theyshouldbebetteratrecognizingemotionsbecausetheyaremoreattentivetodetails,andarebetterabletoparticipateinsuchemotionjudgmenttasks.WhyhavepreviousattemptstoestablisharelationshipbetweenpersonalityandERAbeenawashwithcontradictoryfindings?
Onepossiblereasonisthestimuliusedinpreviousstudies,whichweredifferentineachstudyandthusnotequivalentacrossthestudiesnor,asBrunerandTagiuri(1954)suggested,didtheycoverarepresentativespectrumofemotionalexpressions(LeRoux,1987).Anotherpossiblereasonisthefactthat,withonlyoneexception(LeRoux,1987,but
thesedataarenotpublished),manypreviousstudiesusedmeasuresspecificallygene-ratedineachstudyratherthanaccepted,standardizedtests.Thisdistinctionisimportant(O’Sullivan,1982),becausethereisnoguaranteethataccuracyjudgments
weremadeagainstavalidstandard.
Ifastandardizedtestwereavailable,datacouldbegeneratedusingavalidstandard,andthesametestcanbeusedacrossstudies.Attheveryleast,inconsistenciesinthenatureofthestimulicouldberuledoutasapossiblemoderatorofthecontradictions.
PreviousTestsofERA
Therehasbeenanumberofsuchtestsdevelopedinthepast,eachassessingsomeaspectofERA(anditscloserelative,nonverbaldecodingskills,)1buteachwithitsownlimitations(seereviewbyO’Sullivan,1982).Somefocusonnonverbalbehaviors,suchastheProfileofNonverbalSensitivity(PONS:
Rosenthal,Hall,DiMatteo,Rogers,&
Archer,1979),theSocialSkillsInventory(SSI:
Riggio,1986),theSocialInterpretationsTest(Archer&
Akert,1977),andtheDiagnosticAnalysisofNonverbalAccuracyScale(DANVA:
Nowicki&
Duke,1994).But,thesedonotfocusontherecognitionofdiscreteemotionalstates.Othertestsfocusmorecloselyonemotion,suchastheCommunicationandReceptionofAffectTest(CARAT:
Buck,1976),theTestofEmotionStyles(TES:
Allen&
Hamsher,1974),theUnderstandingourFeelingstest(Elmore,1985),theFeldsteinAffectJudgmentTest(Wolitzky,1973),theAffectiveCommunicationTest(Friedman,Prince,Riggio,&
DiMatteo,1980),andtheContextualandAffectiveSensitivitytest(CAST:
Trimboli&
Walker,1993).But,thesearealsoquestionablebecauseofthelackofvalidityoftheexpressionsusedtoportrayemotion,theabilitytoproducespecificscoresondiscreteemotions,orthelackofbalancewithinthetesttoportrayencodercharacteristics(e.g.,sex,race)equally.
Theuseoffacialexpressionsofemotionthatareuniversallyrecognizedwouldaddressoneconcern.Thedataassociatedwithexpressionsofanger,contempt,disgust,fear,happiness,sadness,andsurpriseprovidesufficientevidenceoftheirexternalvaliditytoportrayaccuratelyandreliablythesediscreteemotionalstates.
Infact,somestudieshaveusedtheseexpressionsasmeasures(e.g.,Matsumoto,1989,1992).But,whiletheyaddresssomeconcerns,oneartifactoftheiruseisthe
highagreementlevelinjudgments,whichprecludesthemeasurementofindividualdifferences.
Thereareatleastthreewaystoaddresstheissueofhighagreementlevels:
(1)reduceimagesize,
(2)distorttemporaland/orspatialresolution,or(3)increasepresentationspeed.Ekman,Brattesani,O’Sullivan,andFriesen(1979)exploredthefirstmethod,usingtwocamerastovideotapenursesduring“honest”and“dishonest”interviews.Onecameraprovidedthe“smallface”conditioninwhichtheimagesizewasone-fifththeareaofatypicalhumanface.Theothercameraprovidedthe“largeface”conditioninwhichtheimagesizewastwicethearea.Imagesizedidnotaffectjudgmentsaboutthenurses’affectivestates.Ekmanetal.(1979)concluded“facialactionsprovideconsistentinformationdespiteconsiderablesizereduction”(p.61).
Wallbott(1992)examinedthesecondmethod,usingaseriesofvideotapedsequencesdevelopedbyScherer(1986)thatdepict14emotionalstates,anddistortedeitherspatialresolution(pixelresolution—thenumberofpointsorsquaresconstitutingavideoframe)ortemporalresolution(refreshmentrate—thenumberofframestransmittedpersecond).Althoughrecognitionratesdecreasedasdistortionincreased,mostrecognitionratesstillremainedabovechancelevels.Thestimuliused,however,didnotmeetindependentcriteriaforvalidity.
Thethirdmethodistopresentthestimuliatsuchfastspeedsthatjudgmentaccuracyiscompromised.EkmanandFriesen’s(1974)BriefAffectRecognitionTask(BART)wascreatedinthismanner.Itinvolvesverybrief(under1/5s)presentationsoffacialstimuli,basedonEkmanandFriesen’s(1969)observationofmicro-momentaryexpressionsthatoccuralmostoutsideofconsciousawareness,andhasbeenusedtoassessindividualERA(Ekman&
Friesen,1974;
Mufson&
Nowicki,1991).Oneproblem,however,isthatfacialphysiognomyandposersexarenotbalancedacrossemotions;
anotheristheproductionofafterimagesthataffectjudgments.
MatsumotoandEkman’s(1988)JapaneseandCaucasianFacialExpressionsofEmotion(JACFEE)addressesthelimitationoftheexpressionsusedinEkmanandFriesen’s(1974)BART,andimprovesontheminseveralways.First,itincludesequalnumbersofposersoftwovisiblydifferentethnicgroups,andofmalesand
femaleswithineachgroup,foreachofthesevenuniversalemotions.Second,thefaceswerescoredusingEkmanandFriesen’s(1978)FacialActionCodingSystem
(FACS;
reliability.91)toverifythatthesameexpressionswereshownacrossposersw
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