考研语言学复习题Word下载.docx

考研语言学复习题Word下载.docx

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Locative

HeisinLondon.

Heiswaitingattheairport.

Objective

Hesupportedthefamilyforyears.

Benefactive

Hesoldherabike.

Heborrowedme220yuans.

Source

IborrowedthebookfromBill.

HecomesfromScotland

Goal

Sheranatme.

Sheshotathim.

Shesmiledatme.

Aviciousdogwassnappingatherankles.

Comitative

Especiallywhenfollowedbyananimatecomplement,withhasthemeaning‘incompanywith’or‘togetherwith’（comitativefunction）

I’msogladyou’recomingwithus.

Jack,withseveralofhisnoisyfriends,wasdrinkingtillafter2inthemorning.

Theusesof“and”

1）.Signifyconsequenceorresult

Heheardanexplosionandhe（therefore）phonedthepolice.

2）.Chronologicalsequence

Iwashedthedishesand（then）Idriedthem.

3）.Contrast

Robertissecretiveand（incontrast）Davidiscandid.

4）.Concessive

Shetriedhardand（yet）shefailed.

5）.Condition

Givemesomemoneyand（then）I’llhelpyouescape.

Onemorewordfromyou,andIphonethepolice.

6）.Similarity

Atradeagreementshouldbenoproblem,and（similarly）aculturalexchangecouldbeeasilyarranged.

7）.Pureaddition

Hehaslonghairand（also）heoftenwearsjeans.

8）.Commentorexplanation

TheydislikedJohn—andthat’snotsurprisinginviewofhisbehavior.

There’sonlyonethingtodonow—andthat’stoapologize.

Grammaticalfunctionsofadverbials

Adjunct:

predication/sentence

Shekissedhermotheronthecheck.

Shekissedhermotherontheplatform.

Time,space,means（manner）,instrument,agent（hewaskilledbyaterrorist）

Respect:

she’sadvisingthemlegally/onlegalissues.

Contingency:

reason,purpose

Hediditforhisson.

They’vehavestoppedsmokingforfearofheartdisease.

Subjunct

Wideorientation—viewpoint/courtesy

Architecturally,itisamagnificentconception.

Wecordiallyinviteyoutoourparty.

Narroworientation:

item,emphasizer,intensifier,focusing

Casually,Lesliegreetedstrangercasually.

Sheisreallyintelligent.

Wemayyetseeherelectedtothesenate.

Disjunct

styledisjuncts

Type（a）:

modalityandmanner

Candidly,flatly,honestly,seriously,strictly,truthfully,confidentially,privately,bluntly,generally,roughly,simply,briefly,broadly

Type（b）:

respect

Figuratively,generally,literally,metaphorically,personally,strictly

Contentdisjuncts

Thespeaker’scommentonthecontentofwhatissayingisoftwoprincipalkinds,whichcaninturnsubdivided.

degreeoftruth

Group（i）:

conviction

Admittedly,assuredly,definitely,indeed,undoubtedly,obviously,evidently

Group（ii）:

degreeofdoubt

Apparently,doubtless,likely,mostlikely,perhaps,possibly,presumably,seemingly,supposedly,reportedly

Group（iii）:

judgmentoftruth,contrastwithreality

Actually,really,factually,formally,ideally,nominally,officially,outwardly,superficially,theoretically

Type（B）:

valuejudgment

Correctly,incorrectly,justly,unjustly,rightly,wrongly

Thesemanticsofconjuncts:

Conjuncts

（a）.listing

（i）.Enumerative

first（ly）,second（ly）,third（ly）….,one,two,three,…

inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace,…,firstofall,secondofall

attheonehand…ontheotherhand,foronething,…,foranother

forastart,tobeginwith,tostartwith,next,then,toconclude

finally,last,lastly,lastofall

（ii）.additive

Equative:

Correspondingly,equally,likewise,similarly,inthesameway,bythesametoken

Reinforcing:

Again,also,further,furthermore,more,moreover,inparticular,too,what’smore,inaddition,aboveall,ontopofitall,totopit,tocapit

（b）summative

altogether,overall,then,therefore,,thus,allinall,inconclusion,insum,toconclude,tosumup,tosummarize

©

Appositive

namely,inotherwords,forexample,forinstance,thatis,thatistosay,specifically

（d）resultive

accordingly,consequently,hence,now,so,therefore,thus,;

asaconsequence,inconsequence,asaresult,ofcouese

（e）.Inferential

else,otherwise,then,inotherwords,inthatcase

（f）.Contrastive

（i）Refomulatory

better,rather,moreaccurately,moreprecisely,alternatively

（ii）replacive

again,alternatively,rather,worse,ontheotherhand

（iii）antithetic

contrariwise,conversely,instead,oppositely,onthecontrary,incontrast,bycontrast,bycontrast,in（by）comparison,bywayofcomparison

（iv）concessive

anyhow,anyhow,anyways,however,nevertheless,still,though,inanycase,inanyevent,inspitethat,afterall,allthesame

（g）.transitional

（i）discoursal

incidentally,now,bytheway,bythebye

（ii）temporal

meanwhile,meantime,inthemeantime,inthemeanwhile,originally,subsequently,eventually

Prepositionsdenotingspatialrelations

Positiveposition（staticlocation）anddestination（movementtoanintendedlocation）:

at,to,on,onto,in,into

Thereisacause-and-effectrelationshipbetweenthem.

Destinationposition

AnnwenttoOxfordAnnwasatOxford

Annclimbedontotheroof.Annwasontheroof

AnndivedintothewaterAnnwasinthewater.

Sourceornegativeposition:

awayfrom,off,outoff

Anndrovefromhome.

Thebookfellofftheself.

Tomgotoutofthewater.

Relativeposition

Relativeverticalposition:

above,over,ontopof,under,underneath,beneath,below

Relativehorizontalposition:

infrontof,before,behind,after

Space:

by,beside,with,near,close,opposite

Hewasstandingbythedoor（atthesideof）.

Ifeltthekeyswithmywallet.（inthesameplaceas）

Shewassittingnear（closeto）me

between,among,amongst,amid,amidst

Betweenrelatesthepositionofanobjecttoadefiniteorexclusivesetofdiscreteobjects,whereasamongrelatestonondiscreteobjects.

Thehousestandsbetweentwofarms.

Thehousestandsamongfarms.

around,round,about

Aroundandroundrefertosurroundingpositionortomotion.

Weweresittingaroundthecampfire.

Relativedestination:

over,under,behind

Hethrewablanketoverher.

Whenitstartedtorain,weallwentunderneaththetree.

Passage:

Withverbsofmotion,prepositionsmayexpresstheideaofpassage（movementtowardsandthenawayfromaplace）,aswellasdestination

hejumpedoveraditch.

Someoneranbehindthegoalposts.

Theballrolledunderneaththetable.

across,through,past

Theballrolledover/acrossthelawn.

Movementwithreferencetodirectionalpath:

up,down,along,across

Wewalkedupthehillanddowntheotherside.

Iwalkedupanddowntheplatform.

Orientation:

beyond,over,past,up,across

Mostprepositionswhichexpressrelativedestination,passage,andmovementwithreferencetoadirectionalpathcanbeusedinastaticsenseoforientation.Thisbringsinathirdfactorapartfromthetwothingsbeingspatiallyrelated:

pointoforientateon,atwhichthespeakerisstanding.

Theyliveacrossthemoor.（fromhere）

Thevillageispastthebusstop/throughthewood.

Herofficeisup/downthestairs.

Welivejustaroundthecorner.

Resultativemeaning:

from,outof,over,past

Prepositions,whichhavethemeaningofmotion,canusuallyhavealsoastaticresultativemeaningwhencombinedwithbe,indicating“thestateofhavingreachedthedestination.

Thehorsesjumpedoverthefence.

Thehorsesareoverthefence.（havenowjumpedover）

Itspresenceisoftensignaledbycertainadverbs（already,just,atlast,notyet）.Resultativemeaningischaracteristicallyfoundwithnegativeprepositionsfrom,outof,orwithprepositionsof“passage”suchasacross,throughandpast.

Atlastweareoutoftheforest.

Whenyou’repastthenextobstacle,youcanrelax.

Pervasivemeaning:

over,through,with,etc

Overandthrough,especiallywhenprecededbyall,havepervasivemeaning（eitherstaticormotional）:

Thatchildwasrunningallovertheflowerborders.

Chaosreignedalloverthehouse.

Theepidemichasspreadthroughthecountry.

Therewerecrowdsallalongtheroute.

Theyputflowersallaroundthestatue.

Eightsensesofover

Position:

alamphungoverthedoor

Destination:

theythrewablanketoverher.

heclimbedoverthewall.

theylivedovertheroad.（onthefarsideof）

Resulatative:

atlastwewereoverthecrestofthehill.

Pervasive（static）:

leaveslaythickallovertheground.

Pervasive（motion）:

theysplashedwateralloverme.

Accompanyingcircumstances:

wediscusseditoveraglassofwine.

Prepositionsdenotingtime

Timeposition:

at,onin,by

Measurementintothefuture:

in

Duration:

for,during,over,through,throughout

From…to,until,upto