托福阅读练习20篇Word文件下载.docx
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托福阅读练习20篇Word文件下载.docx
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2.每篇文章后面的题目帮助大家更好地把握文章结构,furtherconsideration部分是拓展阅读,也许是我们下学期的平时测验内容。
3.passage20里面保留了托福真题的测试模式,大家可以自我测试一下。
4.阅读时心情不能大喜,也不能大悲,平淡如水吧。
最后,祝大家回家的路上平安,春节愉快!
Passage1
TheTitus-BodeLawpredictedthattherewouldbeafifthplanetbetweenMarsandJupiter.In1800,agroupofastronomersnicknamedthe"
celestialpolice"
wasorganizedtosearchforthemissingplanet.Beforetheplancouldbeputineffect,anotherastronomer,G.Piazzi,discoveredlCeres,thelargestasteroid,inthispositioninspaceonNewYear'
sDay,1801.WhiletryingtolocateCeresagain,theastronomerH.Olbersdiscovered2Pallasin1802J.Hardingdiscovered3Junoinl804.H.Olbersalsodiscovered4Vesta,thebrightestasteroid,in1807.Itwasnotuntil1836thatafifthasteroid,5Astrea,wasaddedtothelist.Atfirst,manynineteenth-centuryastronomersdidnotfindasteroidsofmuchinterest.Oneevencalledthem"
theverminofthesky."
In1891,MaxWolfpioneeredtheuseofastrophotographytodetectasteroids.ThenWolfwentontodiscover248asteroids,beginningwith323Bruscia.Atpresent,around150,000asteroidshavebeendiscovered.Mostarespottedtodaybyautomatedsystemsthatpairtelescopeswithcomputers.
AsteroidsvaryinsizefromCeres,withadiameterof570miles,totinybodiesthatareonlythesizeofpebbles.Onlythefourlargest-Ceres,Palas,Vesta,andJuno-arespherical.Mostareelongatedorirregular.Asteroidsarenotuniformlydistributedthroughspace.Manyoccurinclusterscalledgroups,orineventighterclusterscalledfamilies.Familiesofasteroidswithsimilarcharacteristics,indicatingacommonorigin,arecalledHiruzamaasteroids.
H.Olbersadvancedthetheorythatasteroidsaretheremnantsofalargeplanetthatexploded.OtherastronomerssuggestedthattheasteroidswereoriginallymoonsofJupiterthatbrokeawayandthendisintegrated.ThemostcommonlyacceptedtheoryamongastronomerstodayisthattheyoccupyaplaceinthesolarsystemwhereasizeableplanetcouldhaveformedbutwaspreventedfromdoingsobythedisruptivegravityfieldofnearbyJupiter.Originally,perhaps,therewereonlyafewdozenasteroids.Thesewereeventuallyfragmentedbymutualcollisionstoproducethepresentpopulationofasteroids.
Whennewasteroidsarediscovered,theyaregivenatemporarysix-charactername.Thefirstfournumberscorrespondtotheyearofdiscovery.Thefirstofthetwoletterscorrespondstothehalf-monthperiodinwhichtheasteroidwasdiscovered,andthesecondtothesequenceinwhichtheasteroidwasdiscoveredinthathalf-month.Forexample.theasteroid2006ACwasthethirdasteroidtobediscoveredinthefirsthalfofJanuaryin2006.Aftertheorbitofanasteroidhasbeencalculated,asteroidsreceiveanumberthatcorrespondstotheorderofdiscovery(currentlyfromlCeresto95959Covadonga).Thefirstseveralhundredasteroidswerenamedforfemalecharactersfrommythology.(Ceres,forexample,istheRomangoddessoftheharvest.)Evenafterthesenameswereusedup,theconventionofgivingasteroidsfemalenamescontinuedupuntil334Chicago.ApersonwhodiscoversanasteroidmaysubmitanametotheInternationalAstronomicalUnion.Somearenamedforplacesorforthings.Somearenamedtohonorfamousscientists,painters,writers,orevenpopstars,suchasmusiciansandactors.Somearenamedaftercolleagues,familymembers,andevenpets.Discoverersmaynot,however,nameasteroidsafterthemselves.Ofthe150,000knownasteroids,onlyaboutl0%havenames.
MostasteroidsarefoundintheMainAsteroidBeltbetweenMarsandJupiter.Somehavehighlyeccentricorbits,suchas3200Phaeton,whichswingsclosetotheSun.Someasteroids,calledNearEarthAsteroids(NEAs),passclosetoEarth.ItisfearedthatonedayanasteroidmayhitEarthandcauseagreatdealofdamage.Infact,mostscientistsbelievethatacollisionbetweenanasteroidandtheearthmadedinosaursextinct.
InJuneof2002,withoutwarning,amedium-sizedasteroidcalled2002MNpassedrelativelyclosetoEarth.Itwasnotobserveduntilthreedaysafterithadpassed.ThiswastheclosestanasteroidhadcometoEarthsince1994XM.ThatasteroidmissedtheEarthbyonly64,000miles.However,theonein2002wasmuchlargerthanl994XNandpotentiallymuchmoredestructive.Othernearmissesinvolved1989FCand433Erosin1975.WhilethereareprogramstowatchforNearEarthAsteroids,2002MNprovedthattheseprogramsarenotcompletelyeffective.Somepeoplebelievethatthereshouldbeamuchlargerworldwideprogramtodetectandpossiblydestroyasteroidsthatareheadingtowardsourplanet.
1.AccordingtoParagraph1,theTitus-BodeLawdealswith___________(thepositionofplanetsaroundtheSun/theexistenceofasteroids).
2.IsG.PiazzifirstmentionedinParagraph1amemberofthe"
?
Yes/No.
3.AccordingtoParagraph2,asteroidsinafamily/groupareclosertogether?
4.InParagraph3,__________(1/2/3/4)theoriesaboutthedevelopmentofasteroidshavebeenmentioned?
The___________one(s)arenolongerconsideredvalid.
5.Pleaseexplainthemeaningsofthefollowingnamesoftheasteroidsgivenbythescientists.
1Ceres____________2Pallas________________3Juno_____________4Vesta_____________
5Astrea___________1994XM_______________2002MN___________433Eros____________
6.MainIdeaofthepassage:
___________________________________________________________
7.FurtherConsideration:
asteroids__________planets______________
Passage2
Ambientdiversdonotgounderwaterinsubmersiblevehicles,suchasadivingbell,abathysphere,orinapressure-resistantsuit.Theyarediverswhoareexposedtothepressureandtemperatureofthesurrounding(ambient)water.Ofalltypesofdiving,theoldestandsimplestisfreediving.Somefreediversmayusenoequipmentatall,butmanyuseafacemask,footfins,andasnokel.Underthesurface,freediversmustholdtheirbreath.Mostfreediverscanonlydescend30feet(10meters)beneaththesurface,butsomeexpertdiverscangoasdeepas100feet(33meters).
SCUBAdivingprovidesgreaterrangethanfreediving.ThewordSCUBAstandsforSelf-ContainedUnderwaterBreathingApparatus.SCUBAdiverswearmetaltankswithcompressedairorotherbreathinggases.Whenusingopen-circuitequipment,aSCUBAdiversimplybreathesairfromthetankthroughahoseandreleasestheexhaledairintothewater.Aclosed-circuitbreathingdevice,calledarebreather,filtersoutcarbondioxideandotherharmfulgasesandautomaticallyaddsoxygen.Thisenablesthedivertobreathethesameairoverandover.SCUBAdiversusuallyusefootfinstohelpthemswimunderwater.Theymaywearonlyswimsuits(skindiving),ortheymaywearrubberwetsuitstohelpprotectthemfromcoldwater.
SCUBAdivinghasbeenpracticedsincethenineteenthcentury,butitwasnotuntil1942thatSCUBAdivingbecamesimpleandsafe.ThatwastheyearthatJacques-YvesCousteau,aFrenchnavalofficer,andEmileGagnan,anengineerforanaturalgascompany,redesignedtheregulatorfromanautomobileenginesothatitcouldbeusedtoautomaticallyregulatetheflowofairtoadiver.CousteauandCagnanattachedthenewregulatortohoses,amouthpieceandapairofcompressedairtanksandcalledthisequipmenttheAqualung.Aqualungsweresoonbeingsoldindiveshopsaroundtheworld,andSCUBAdivingbecameapopularsport.
Insurface-supplieddiving,diverswearhelmetsandwaterproofcanvassuits.Today,sophisticatedplastichelmetshavereplacedtheheavycopperonesusedinthepast.Surface-supplieddiversgettheirairfromahoseconnectedtoaircompressorsonapieroronaboat.Surface-supplieddiverscangodeeperandstaysubmergedlongerthananyothertypeofambientdiver.UnlikeSCUBAdivers,manyofwhomaresportsdivers,almostallsurface-supplieddiversworkontaskasunderwaterconstructionandsalvageoperations.
Equipmenttheyuse:
Theydonotuse:
Ambientdivers:
_____________________________________________
Freedivers:
SCUBAdivers:
______________________________________________
(open-circuitequipment/closed-circuitequipment)
Surface-supplieddivers:
_____________________________________
Furtherconsideration:
1)thestructureofahelmet
2)Typeofdivingavailablefordifferentgroupsofpeople:
travelers,rescueteam,
sportsdivers,etc.
Passage3
In1862,inthemidstoftheCivilWar,PresidentLincolnsignedtheMorrillAct.ThemeasurewasnamedforCongressman(laterSenator)JustinS.MorrillofVermont.PopularlycalledtheLandGrantAct,itprovidedeachstatewiththousandsofacresoffederallyownedland.Eachstatereceived30,000acres(10,033Hectares)foreachsenator(allstateshavetwosenators)and30,000acresforeachrepresentativeinCongress(thenumberofrepresentativesdependsonthepopulationofthestate).Thebillrequiredthatthelandbesold,theproceedsinvested,andtheincomeusedtocreateandmaintaincollegesaroundthenationtoteachagricultureandengineering.
MorrillHall,onthecampusoftheUniversityof
Maryland,CollegePark(aland-grantuniversity),
isnamedforSenatorMorrill,inhonoroftheact
hesponsored.
TheMorrillActintroducedtworadicalideastoeducation:
thathighereducationshouldbepractical,andthatitshouldbeavailabletotheworkingclasses,notjusttothewealthy.Beforeland-grantuniversities,collegewasbasicallyforaselectfew,andthecurriculumstressed"
classical"
subjectssuchasLatin,rhetoric,andma
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