NegligenceWord格式文档下载.docx
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NegligenceWord格式文档下载.docx
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Tort
Crime
Aimstocompensate
Aimstopunish
Initiatedbyindividuals
Initiatedbystate
Outcomeisremedyforplaintiff
Outcomeisconvictionorreleaseofwrongdoer
ThetortofNegligencemeansafailuretotakereasonablecaretopreventlossordamagetoothersthatwasforeseeable,andshouldhavebeenprevented.
Categoriesofconductinclude:
-Apositiveact
-Afailuretoact(omission):
HawkinsvClaytonB在C立遗嘱把房给H,C6年后才找H,房贬值
-Makingastatementorgivingadvice,orfailingtodoso:
RogersvWhitakerR帮W做眼手术,前没说风险,后整盲另一只眼
Categoriesofharminclude:
-Physicalinjurytotheperson:
HolevHocking做的士受伤
-Physicaldamagetoproperty
-Purelyeconomicloss:
PerrevApandPtyLtdA在P旁种野,传染病毒,令P赔钱
ToestablishliabilityforNegligenceitmustbeestablishedonthefactsoftheparticularcasethat
-Thedefendantowedtheplaintiffadutyofcare
-Thedefendantbreachedthedutyofcare
-Damagemusthavebeensufferedasaresultofthebreachofduty
DutyofCare
Therearethreefactors;
①Firstly,itmusthavebeenreasonablyforeseeabletoapersoninthepositionofthedefendantthatinjuryorharmofsomekindwouldhappentosomeoneasaresultofthekindofconductengagedinbythedefendant.
②Secondly,theplaintiffmustbeapersonoramemberofaclassofpersonswhoitwasforeseeablemightsufferharmasaresultofthedefendant’sconduct.
–WaverlyCouncilvFereirra
③Thirdly,arecognised'
dutysituationorrelationship'
musthaveexistedinwhichthedefendantwasrequiredtopreventtheforeseeableharmtotheplaintiff.
Exampleofdutysituations
Forexample,adutytopreventforeseeableharmhasbeenrecognizedbythecourtsasarisingbetween:
–Occupiersofpropertyandpersonsenteringtheproperty
AustralianSafewayStoresPtyLtdvZaluznaZ在S门口滑倒,受伤
–Statutoryauthoritiesandthepublic:
WaverlyCouncilvFereirra12岁F在公园玩时死了,F父告W
–Roadusersandotherpersonsontheroad
–Personsinafiduciaryrelationship,e.g.principalsandagents
–Personsinacontractualrelationship
–Manufacturersandconsumers:
DonoghuevStevensonD去餐厅,见啤酒里有蛇,告S和生产商
Inmoreunusualtypesofcase,thecourtsweighupvariousfactorswhichmaypointtotheexistenceofadutyofcare,forexample,considerationsofpolicyandfairness;
theextenttowhichtheharmwasforeseeable;
thepotentialnumberofsimilarcasesthatmightarise;
andthelikelihoodofcreatinganunreasonablecommercialburdenbyrecognisingadutyofcare.
Incasescausingpurelyeconomicloss,asituationmustbeshowntoexistinwhichtheplaintiffwasvulnerable,dependentorpowerless,andthedefendantinapositionofcontrolorpower.
–PerrevApandPtyLtd
–WoolcockStreetInvestmentsPtyLtdvCDGPtyLtd
Whenconductthatcausespurelyeconomiclossconsistsofgivingwronginformationoradvice,adutyofcareonlyexistsif:
–thespeakeroughttohaverealisedinthecircumstancesthattheywerebeingreliedontogiveaccurateinformationoradviceonthebasisofwhichtheotherpartymightdecidetoact;
and
–itwasreasonablefortheotherpartytoactonthatinformationoradvicegiven.
–Shaddock&
AssociatesPtyLtdvParramattaCityCouncil
S买地前问P路会不会变宽,P说不会,S买后发现会
BreachofDutyofCare
Apersonwhoowesadutyofcaremusttakeappropriatestepstoavoidtheharmfromoccurring.Thestandardis:
whatstepswouldanordinaryprudent谨慎的persontakeinthecircumstancestoavoidtheharm?
Usethereasonablepersontest:
howwouldhe/sheactintheshoesofthedefendant?
Ifthedefendant’sconductfallsbelowthestandardofthereasonablepersontheyhavebreachedtheirdutyofcare
BreachofDutyofCare:
Factorstoconsider
1.Theprobabilitythattheharmwouldoccurifcarewasnottaken
RomeovConservationCommissionofNorthernTerritory
R饮了酒从悬崖跌下,受伤
BoltonvStoneB在家门口俾旁棒球场的棒球打伤
2.Thelikelyseriousnessoftheharm
ParisvStepneyBoroughCouncilP在S打工,整盲另一只眼
3.Theburden责任oftakingprecautions采取预防措施toavoidtheriskofharm
CaledonianCollieriesvSpeirsS开车被火车撞死,老婆告C没任何提醒
4.Thesocialutilityoftheactivitythatcreatestheriskofharm
MercervTramwaysCom’er
5.Thesocialutilityoftheactivitythatcreatestheriskofharm
DamagecausedbyBreachofDutyofCare
Thedamagesufferedbyplaintiffmustbecausedbythedefendant
MarchvStramare
Theharmmustnotbetooremote-apersoninthedefendant’spositionmusthaverecognizedtheharmasarealpossibility,notveryremoteorbeyongwhatwouldhavebeenreasonablycontemplated.
WagonMound
Harmthatcannotbequantifiedinmonetarytermsisnotrecognized;
Ordinarygrieforsorrowisnotrecognizedasharm.
Q3B没有买票,有意外,K照顾B辞职,抵押被银行收
Firstissue:
istherockconcertorganiserliableinnegligencetoBen?
Rules/Principles:
Tosucceedinanactioninnegligence,theplaintiffmustproveonthebalanceofprobabilitiesthat(a)adutyofcareisowed,(b)thatthedutyofcarehasbeenbreachedand(c)thatthebreachcauseddamagewhichisnottooremotefromthebreach.
(a)Toestablishadutyofcare,theplaintiffmustsatisfythe“neighbourprinciple”establishedbyLordAkininDonoghuevStevenson.Undertheneighbourtest,apersonmusttakereasonablecaretoavoidactsoromissionsthattheycanreasonablyforeseewouldbelikelytoinjuretheirneighbour.Inlaw,yourneighbouris“thosepersonssocloselyanddirectlyaffectedbyyouractsthatyououghtreasonablyhavethemincontemplationasbeingsoaffectedwhendirectingyourmindtotheactsoromissionswhicharecalledintoquestion.”Studentsmayalsoconsiderdiscussingwhatwasonceseenasthesecondrequirementinestablishingadutyofcareinphysicalinjurycases-thatofproximity.Proximityinvolvesanevaluationoftheclosenessoftherelationshipbetweentheparties.AsstatedbyDeaneJinJaenschvCoffey,proximitymaybeeitherphysical,circumstantialorcausal.However,inrecentcasestheHighCourtofAustraliahasquestionedtheuseofproximityindeterminingtheexistenceofadutyofcare.AsstatedbyMcHughJinTamevNSW,“youcomeunderadutyonlyinrespectofactsandomissionsthatyoucanreasonablyforeseemayaffectyourneighbours-personswhoaredirectlyandcloselyaffectedbyyouracts.Butthatisnotagroundforregardingproximityasafactorthatisindependentofreasonableforeseeability.”Thus,proximityisnolongerconsideredtobeaseparaterequirement,butfallsunderwhetherthetestofreasonableforeseeabilityissatisfied.
Studentsshouldalsoconsiderwhetherthereareanyrelevantestablisheddutiesofcare.Precedenthasestablishedthatoccupiersoweadutyofcaretoentrantstothepremises.Withrespecttolawfulentrants,occupiersoweadutyofcaretoavoidanyreasonablyforeseeableriskofinjury(AustralianSafewayStoresvZaluzna).Insomecircumstances,adutyofcareisalsoowedtouninvitedvisitorssuchastrespassers.InHackshawvShaw,itwasheldthatthedefendantfarmerowedadutyofcaretoatrespassertoavoid“ultra-hazardous”acts(firingbullets).However,inBryantvFawdontheoccupierwasheldnottooweadutyofcaretotheplaintifftrespasser,giventhattheinjurywasnotreasonablyforeseeable(theplaintiffclimbeda1.8metrefencetogettoatoiletandwasknockedunconsciouswhensheattemptedtoflushthetoilet’sdisusedconcretecisterninthedark).
(b)Theremustbeabreachinthestandardofcare.Apersonbreachestheirdutyofcareiftheyfailtomeetthestandardofcarethatthereasonablepersonisrequiredtoshowtoavoidunreasonableriskofharm(ImbreevMcNeilly).Thereasonablepersonneednotrespondtoariskthatis“far-fetchedandfanciful”.
Howareasonablepersonwouldactintheshoesofthedefendantmaybegaugedbyreferencetocertaincriteria,includingtheprobabilityoftheriskofinjury(BoltonvStone),theseriousnessoftheconsequences(ParisvStepneyBouroughCouncil),thepossibilityofeliminatingthoserisks(WoodsvMulti-SportHoldingPtyLtd),compliancewithusualpractice(MercervCommissionerforRoadTransportandTramways)andtheutilityofthedefendant’sconduct(WattvHertfordshire).
(c)Thebreachmusthavecauseddamage.Thisisestablishedbywayoftwotests:
(i)causation–‘butfor’thebreachthedamagewouldnothavehappened(ChappelvHart,CorkvKirbyMcLean);
(ii)remoteness–isthedamagereasonablyforeseeable?
(TheWagonMoundcases).
Oncenegligenceisestablished,itisnecessarytoconsiderwhetheranydefencesapply.Ifthedefendantcanshowtheplaintiffvoluntarilyassumedtherisk,thedefendantescapesallliability(AgarvHyde).Inthecaseofcontributorynegligence,theplaintiff’scompensationisreducedtotheextentthatthecourtconsidersjustandequitablehavingregardtotheplaintiff’sshareintheresponsibilityforthedamage(s26WrongsAct1958(Vic)).
Application:
Studentsshouldconsiderallaspectsoftheissue,includingar
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- 关 键 词:
- Negligence