英语六级真题卷第一套含答案Word文档格式.docx
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英语六级真题卷第一套含答案Word文档格式.docx
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Wehavelotsofinformationtechnology.Wejustdon'
thavemuchusefulinformation."
PartⅢReadingComprehension
SectionA
Asitis,sleepissoundervaluedthatgettingbyonfewerhourshasbecomeabadgeofhonor.Plus,weliveinaculturethat_____(37)tothelate-nighter,from24-hourgrocerystorestoonlineshoppingsitesthatneverclose.It'
snosurprise,then,thatmorethanhalfofAmericanadultsdon'
tgetthe7to9hoursofshut-eyeeverynightas_____(38)bysleepexperts.
Whetherornotwecancatchuponsleep-ontheweekend,say-isahotly_____(39)topicamongsleepresearches.Thelatestevidencesuggeststhatwhileitisn'
t_____(40),itmighthelp.WhenLiu,theUCLAsleepresearcherandprofessorofmedicine,brought_____(41)sleep-restrictedpeopleintothelabforaweekendofsleepduringwhichtheyloggedabout10hourspernight,theyshowed_____(42)intheabilityofinsulin(胰岛素)toprocessbloodsugar.Thatsuggeststhatcatchupsleepmayundosomebutnotallofthedamagethatsleep_____(43)causes,whichisencouraginggivenhowmanyadultsdon'
tgetthehourstheyneedeachnight.Still,Liuisn'
t_____(44)toendorsethehabitofsleepinglessandmakingupforitlater.
Sleepingpills,whilehelpfulforsome,arenot_____(45)aneffectiveremedyeither.“Asleepingpillwill_____(46)oneareaofthebrain,butthere'
snevergoingtobeaperfectsleepingpill,becauseyoucouldn'
treallyreplicates(复制)thedifferentchemicalsmovinginandoutofdifferentpartsofthebraintogothroughthedifferentstagesofsleep,"
saysDr.NancyCollop,directoroftheEmoryUniversitySleepCenter.
A.alternativelyB.catersC.chronicallyD.debated
E.deprivationF.idealG.improvementsH.necessarily
I.negotiatedJ.pierceK.presumptionL.ready
M.recommendedN.surpassesO.target
SectionB
Climatechangemaybereal,butit'
sstillnoteasybeinggreen.
[A]Theroadtoclimatehellispavedwithourgoodintentions.Politiciansmaytacklepolluterswhilescientistsdobattlewithcarbonemissions.Butthemostpervasiveproblemislessobvious:
ourownbehavior.Wegetdistractedbeforewecanturndowntheheating.Webreakourpromisenottoflyafterhearingaboutaneighbour'
striptoIndia.Ultimately,wecan'
tbebotheredtochangeourattitude.Fortunatelyfortheplanet,socialscienceandbehaviouraleconomicsmaybeabletodothatforus.
[B]Despitemournfulpolarbearsandchartsshowingcarbonemissionssoaring,mostpeoplefindithardtobelievethatglobalwarmingwillaffectthempersonally.RecentpollsbythePewResearchCentreinWashington,DC,foundthat75-80percentofparticipantsregardedclimatechangeasanimportantissue.Butrespondentsrankeditlastonalistofpriorities.
[C]Thisinconsistencylargelystemsfromafeelingofpowerlessness."
Whenwecan'
tactuallyremovethesourceofourfear,wetendtoadaptpsychologicallybyadoptingarangeofdefencemechanisms,"
saysTomCrompton,changestrategistfortheenvironmentalorganizationWordWideFundforNature.
[D]Partofthefaultlieswithourinnercaveman.Evolutionhasprogrammedhumanstopaymostattentiontoissuesthatwillhaveanimmediateimpact."
Weworrymostaboutnowbecauseifwedon'
tsurviveforthenextminute,we'
renotgoingtobearoundintenyears'
time,"
saysProfessorElkeWeberoftheCentreforResearchonEnvironmentalDecisionatColumbiaUniversityinNewYork.IftheThamesforResearchonEnvironmentalDecisionatColumbiaUniversityinNewYork.IftheThamswerelappingaroundBigBen,Londonerswoundfaceuptotheproblemofemissionsprettyquickly.Butinpractice,ourbraindiscountstherisks-andbenefits-associatedwithissuesthatliesomewayahead.
[E]MatthewRushworth,oftheDepartmentofExperimentalPsychologyattheUniversityofOxford,seesthisinhislabeveryday."
Oneofthewaysinwhichallagentsseemtomakedecisionsisthattheyassignalowerweightingtooutcomesthataregoingtobefurtherawayinthefuture,"
hesays."
Thisisaverysensiblewayforananimaltomakedecisionsinthewildandwouldhavebeenveryhelpfulforhumansforthousandsofyears."
[F]Notanylonger.Bythetimewewakeuptothethreatposedbyclimatechanges,itcouldwellbetoolate.Anditwe'
renotgoingtomakerationaldecisionsaboutthefuture,othersmayhavetohelpustodoso.
[G]FewpoliticallibrariesarewithoutacopyofNudge:
ImprovingDecisionsAboutHealth.WealthandHappiness,byRichardThalerandCassSunstein.Theyarguethatgovernmentsshouldpersuadeusintomakingbetterdecisions-suchassavingmoreinourpensionplans-bychangingthedefaultoptions.ProfessorWeberbelievesthatenvironmentalpolicycanmakeuseofsimilartactics.If,forexample,buildingcodesincludedgreenconstructionguidelines,mostdeveloperswouldtoolazytochallengethem.
[H]Defaultsarecertainlypartofthesolution.Butsocialscientistsaremostconcernedaboutcraftingmessagesthatexploitourgroupmentality(心态)."
Weneedtounderstandwhatmotivatespeople,whatitisthatallowsthemtomakechange."
saysProfessorNeilAdger,oftheTyndallCentreforClimateChangeResearchinNorwich."
Itisactuallyaboutwhattheirpeersthinkofthem,whattheirsocialnormsare,whatisseenasdesirableinsociety."
Inotherwords,ourinnercavemaniscontinuallylookingoverhisshouldertoseewhattherestofthetribeareupto.
[I]Thepassiveattitudewehavetoclimatechangeasindividualscanbealteredbycontinuingusin-andmeasuringusagainst-ourpeergroup."
Socialnormsareprimitiveandelemental,"
saysDr.RobertCialdini,authorofInfluence:
ThePsychologyofPersuasion."
Birdsflocktogether,fishschooltogether,cattleherdtogether……justperceivingnormsisenoughtocausepeopletoadjusttheirbehaviorinthedirectionofthecrowd."
[J]Thesenormscantakeusbeyondgoodintensions.CaldiniconductedastudyinSanDiegoinwhichcoathangersbearingmessagesaboutsavingenergywerehungonpeople'
sdoors.Someofthemessagesmentionedtheenvironment,somefinancialsavings,otherssocialresponsibility.Butitwastheonesthatmentionedtheactionsofneighboursthatdrovedownpoweruse.
[K]Otherstudiesshowthatsimplyprovidingthefacilityforpeopletocomparetheirenergyusewiththelocalaverageisenoughtocausethemtomodifytheirbehaviour.TheConservativesplantoadoptthisstrategybymakingutilitycompaniesprinttheaveragelocalelectricityandgasusageonpeople'
sbills.
[L]Socialsciencecanalsoteachpoliticianshowtoavoidourcollectivecapacityforself-destructivebehavior.EnvironmentalcampaignsthattellushowmanypeopledriveSUVsunwittingly(不经意地)implythatthisbehavioriswidespreadandthuspermissible.Cialdinirecommendssomecarefulframingofthemessage."
InsteadofnormalizingtheundesirablebuysyetanotherSUV,itreducesourabilitytobeenergy-independent."
[M]Tappingintohowwealreadyseeourselvesiscrucial.Themostsuccessfulenvironmentalstrategywillmarrythegreenmessagetoourownsenseofidentify.Takeyouraveragetradeunionmember,chancesaretheywillbepoliticallymotivatedandbeusedtocollectiveaction-muchlikeEricaGregory.AretiredmemberofthePublicandCommercialServicesUnion,sheissettinguponeof1,100actiongroupswiththesupportofClimateSolidarity,atwo-yearenvironmentalcampaignaimedattradeunionists.
[N]Ericaisproofthatagreat-grandmothercanhelptoleadtherevolutionifyougetthepsychologyright-inthiscase,bymatchingherenthusiasmfortheenvironmentwithafondnessfororganizinggroups."
Ithinkit'
saterrificidea,"
shesaysofthecampaign."
Theunionbackingitmakesmembersthinktheremustbesomethinginit."
Sheisexpectingupto20peopleatthefirstmeetingshehascalled,atherlocalpubintheCornishvillageofPolperro.
[O]NickPerks,projectdirectorforClimateSolidarity,believesthissortofactivityiswherethefutureofenvironmentalactionlies."
Usingexistingcivilsocietystructuresornetworksisamoreeffectivewayofcreatingchange……andobviouslytradeunionsareoneofthebiggestcivilsocietynetworksintheUK,"
hesays.The"
LoveFood,HateWaste"
campaignenteredintoacollaborationlastyearwithanothersuchnetwork-theWomen'
sInstitute.LondonerRachelTaylorjoinedthecampaignwiththeaimofmakingnewfriends.Ayearon,themeetingshavemadelastingchangestowhatshethrowsawayinherkitchen."
It'
salwaysmoreofanincentiveifyou'
redoingitwithotherpeople,"
shesays."
Itmotivatesyoumoreifyouknowthatyou'
vegottoprovidefeedbacktoagroup."
[P]Thepowerofsuchsimplepsychologyinfightingclimatechangeisattractingattentionacrossthepoliticalestablishment.IntheUS,theHouseofRepresentativesScienceCommitteehasapprovedabillallocating$10millionayeartostudyingenergy-relatedbehavior.IntheUK,newstudiesareindevelopmentandsocialscientistsareregularlyspottedinBritishgovernmentoffices.Withthehelpofpsychologists,thereisfreshhopethatwemightgogreenafterall.
47.Whenpeoplefindtheyarepowerlesstochangeasituation,theytendtolivewithit.
48.Tobeeffective,environmentalmessagesshouldbecarefullyframed.
49.Itisthegovernment'
sresponsibilitytopersuadepeople
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