高中化学常用化学公式Common chemical formulas in high school chemistryWord文档下载推荐.docx
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高中化学常用化学公式Common chemical formulas in high school chemistryWord文档下载推荐.docx
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2O2+3Fe===Fe3O4
O2+K===KO2
S+H2===H2S
2S+C===CS2
S+Fe===FeS
S+2Cu===Cu2S
3S+2Al===Al2S3
S+Zn===ZnS
N2+3H2===2NH3
N2+3Mg===Mg3N2
N2+3Ca===Ca3N2
N2+3Ba===Ba3N2
N2+6Na===2Na3N
N2+6K===2K3N
N2+6Rb===2Rb3N
P2+6H2===4PH3
P+3Na===Na3P
2P+3Zn===Zn3P2
2.reducibility
S+O2===SO2
S+6HNO3(thick)===H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O
3S+4HNO3(dilute)===3SO2+4NO+2H2O
N2+O2===2NO
4P+5O2===P4O10(oftenwrittenasP2O5)
2P+3X2===2PX3(XstandsforF2,Cl2,Br2)
PX3+X2===PX5
P4+20HNO3(thick)===4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2O
C+2F2===CF4
C+2Cl2===CCl4
2C+O2(asmallamount)===2CO
C+O2(adequate)===CO2
C+CO2===2CO
C+H2O===CO+H2(generatingwatergas)
2C+SiO2===Si+2CO(madefromcrudesilicon)
Si(coarse)+2Cl===SiCl4
(SiCl4+2H2===Si(pure)+4HCl)
Si(powder)+O2===SiO2
Si+C===SiC(emery)
Si+2NaOH+H2O===Na2SiO3+2H2
3,(base)disproportionation
Cl2+H2O===HCl+HClO
(acidinhibition,disproportionation,additionofalkaliorilluminationtopromotedisproportionation)
Cl2+2NaOH===NaCl+NaClO+H2O
2Cl2+2Ca(OH)2===CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O
3Cl2+6KOH(hot,thick)===5KCl+KClO3+3H2O
3S+6NaOH===2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O
4P+3KOH(thick)+3H2O===PH3+3KH2PO2
11P+15CuSO4+24H2O===5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO4
3C+CaO===CaC2+CO
3C+SiO2===SiC+2CO
Two,thereductionofmetallicelements(Na,Mg,Al,Fe)
2Na+H2===2NaH
4Na+O2===2Na2O
2Na2O+O2===2Na2O2
2Na+O2===Na2O2
2Na+S===Na2S(explosion)
2Na+2H2O===2NaOH+H2
2Na+2NH3===2NaNH2+H2
4Na+TiCl4(molten)===4NaCl+Ti
镁+Cl2===MgCl2
镁+Br2===MgBr2
2mg加O2===2mgo
镁+===毫克
镁+2H2O===Mg(OH)2+H2
2mg加TiCl4(熔融)===钛+2mgcl2
镁+2rbcl===MgCl2+2rb
2mg加CO2===2mgo+C
2mg加SiO2===2mgo+Si
镁+H2S===毫克+H2
镁+硫酸===硫酸镁+H2
除2A1+3Cl2===特点
4al+3O2===2Al2O3(钝化)
4al(HG)+3O2+2xh2o===2(Al2O3部分)+4hg
4al+3mno2===2Al2O3+300万
除2A1+Cr2O3===Al2O3+2CR
除2A1+Fe2O3===Al2O3+2fe
除2A1+3feo===Al2O3+3FE
除2A1+6hcl===特点+3H2
除2A1+3h2so4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2
除2A1+6h2so4(浓)===Al2(SO4)3+3so2+6H2O
(Al,Fe在冷,浓的H2SO4、HNO3中钝化)
铝+4hno(稀)===Al(NO3)3+不+2H2O
除2A1+2naoh+2H2O===2naalo2+3H2
2fe+3br2===2febr3
铁+I2===2
铁离子
3fe+H2O(g)===Fe3O4+4H2
铁+2hcl===FeCl2+H2
铁+CuCl2===FeCl2+铜
铁+===SnCl4氯化亚铁+氯化亚锡
(铁在酸性环境下,不能把四氯化锡完全
还原为单质锡Fe+氯化亚锡==FeCl2+SN)
三,非金属氢化物(HF、HCl、H2O、H2S、NH3)
1、还原性:
4hcl(浓)+MnO2===MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O
4hcl(G)+O2===2+2H2O
16hcl+2kmno4===2kcl+2mncl2+5cl2+H2O
14hcl+重铬酸钾===2kcl+2crcl3+3Cl2+7H2O
2H2O+2F2===4hf+O2
2h2s+3O2(足量)===2SO2+2H2O
2h2s+O2(少量)===S+2H2O
2h2s+SO2===3S+2H2O
H2S+H2SO4(浓)===S+SO2+2H2O
3h2s+2hno(稀)===3S+2NO+H2O
5h2s+2kmno4+3h2so4===2mnso4+硫酸钾+5S+H2O
3h2s++===4h2so4K2Cr2O7Cr2(SO4)3+硫酸钾+3S+7H2O
4na2o2+H2S+2H2O===Na2SO4+6naoh
2nh3+3cuo===3cu+N2+3H2O
2nh3+3Cl2===N2+6hcl
8nh3+3Cl2===N2+6nh4cl
4NH+3O2(纯氧)===2N2+6H2O
4NH+5O2===4no+6H2O
+===6no4NH5N2+6ho(用氨清除没有)
水蒸气
4nah+===钛TiCl4+2H2+4nacl
CaH2+2H2O===Ca(OH)2+2H2
2、酸性:
4hf+SiO2===SiF4+2H2O
(此反应广泛应用于测定矿样或钢样中SiO2的含量)
2hf+===2hclCaF2+氯化钙
硫化氢+铁
H2S+CuCl2===因为+2hcl
H2S+2agno3===Ag2S+2hno3
H2S+===HgS+2hcl氯化汞
H2S+Pb(NO3)2===+2hno3PBS
H2S+氯化亚铁===
2nh3+2NA==2nanh2+H2
(NaNH2+H2O===氢氧化钠+NH3)
3、碱性:
NH3+HCl===氯化铵
NH3+硝酸===硝酸铵
2nh3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4
NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2===碳酸氢钠+氯化铵
(此反应用于工业制备小苏打,苏打)
4、不稳定性:
2hf===H2+F2
2hcl===H2+Cl2
2H2O,2h2+,O2===========
2h2o2,2H2O+,O2===========
=====H2+H2S
=====N2+3h22nh3
Four,non-metallicoxides
Reducibilityoflow-pricedstates:
2so2+O2=====2so3
2so2+O2+2H2O=====2h2so4
(thisistheslowenvironmentalchemicalreactionofSO2occurringintheatmosphere.)
SO2,Cl2,2H2O====+++2HCl,H2SO4
SO2,Br2,2H2O====+++2hbr,H2SO4
SO2,I2,2H2O====+++2hi,H2SO4
=====SO3,SO2++noNo2
2No+O2=====2no2
NO2+NO+2naoh,2nano2==========
(usedinthenitricacidindustrytoabsorbnoandNO2inexhaustgases)
2CO+O2=====2co2
=====CuO+chicken+carbondioxide
=====2Fe,3Co+Fe2O3+3co2
Contraction+carbondioxide+H2,H2O=========
Oxidation:
=====3S,SO2+2h2s+2H2O
=====K2SO3,SO3+2Ki+I2
2Ki,NO2++,H2O====NO++2koh,I2
(nobrominevaporandNO2canbeidentifiedwithstarchkisolution)
=====4NO,4no2,H2S++H2O+SO3
=====4cuo2no2+chicken+N2
=====2MgO,2mg+CO2+C
(threeCO2cannotbeusedtoextinguishburningfiressuchasMg,CA,K,etc.)
=====2h2=SiO2+Si+2H2O
=====2MgO,SiO2+2mg+Si
3,withtheroleofwater:
SO2+H2O=====H2SO3
SO3+H2O=====H2SO4
3no2+H2O=====2hno3+NO
N2O5+H2O=====2hno3
P2O5+H2O=====2hpo3
=====2h3po4+3H2OP2O5
(P2O5ishighlyabsorbentandcanbeusedasagasdryingagent
P2O5+3h2so4(thick)====2h3po4+3so3)
Carbondioxide+H2O=====H2CO3
4,withtheroleofalkalinesubstances:
2nh3,SO2++,H2O====NH4(2so3)
SO2,2so3+,H2O+(NH4)=====2nh4hso3
(thisisthereactionofthesulphuricacidplanttotherecoveryofSO2.FirstabsorbSO2withammoniawater,
AndthenH2SO4processing:
2nh4hso3,H2SO4====+(++2so2,2H2O,2SO4,NH4)
TheresultingammoniumsulfateisusedasfertilizerandtheSO2isrecycledasfeedstockgas
SO2+CA(OH)2====CaSO3+H2O
(donotdistinguishbetweenclearlimeandwater,SO2andco2.canbeidentifiedwithfuchsin.)
=====MgSO4+MgOSO3
SO3+CA(OH)2====CaSO4+H2O
Carbondioxide+2naoh(excess)====Na2CO3+H2O
Carbondioxide(excess)=====NaOH=NaHCO3
Carbondioxide+CA(OH)2(excessCaCO3+H2O======)
2co2(excess)+CA(OH)2====HCO3(2cases)
2naalo2+carbondioxide+3H2O====3+Na2CO32Al(OH)
C6h5ona+carbondioxide+H2O=====C6H5OH+NaHCO3
=====CaSiO3,SiO2+high
SiO2+2naohNa2SiO3+H2O=================
(alkalinesolutionslowlycorrosiveglassatnormaltemperature)
=====Na2SiO3,SiO2+Na2CO3+
=====CaSiO3,SiO2+CaCO3+
Five,metaloxide
1,thelowcostofreduction:
6feo+O2=====2fe3o4
=====4hno3+Fe(NO3)+3+NO22H2O=FeO
2,oxidation:
=====2na2o+2NaNa2O2
(thisreactionisusedtoprepareNa2O)
MgO,Al2O3,ishardlyoxidizingandcanhardlybereducedtoMg,Al.
MgandAlareusuallymadebyelectrolysis.
=====2Fe,Fe2O3++3H2O(reducedironpowder)3h2
=====3Fe,Fe3O4+4h2+4H2O
Na2O+H2O=====2naoh
=====4naoh,2na2o2+2H2O+O2
(thisreactionisdividedintotwosteps:
Na2O2==++2H2O,2naoh,h2o2;
=====2h2o2+O22H2O.
ThepreparationofH2O2usesasimilarreaction:
BaO2+H2SO4(dilute)===BaSO4+H2O2
MgO+H2O===Mg(OH)2(slowresponse)
4,withtheroleofacidicsubstances:
Na2O+SO3===Na2SO4
Na2O+CO2===Na2CO3
Na2O+2HCl===2NaCl+H2O
2Na2O2+2CO2===2Na2CO3+O2
Na2O2+H2SO4(cold,thin)===Na2SO4+H2O2
MgO+SO3===MgSO4
MgO+H2SO4===MgSO4+H2O
Al2O3+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2O
(Al2O3isanamphotericoxide:
Al2O3+2NaOH===2NaAlO2+H2O)
FeO+2HCl===FeCl2+3H2O
Fe2O3+6HCl===2FeCl3+3H2O
Fe2O3+3H2S(g)===Fe2S3+3H2O
Fe3O4+8HCl===FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2O
Six,oxygenacid
4HClO3+3H2S===3H2SO4+4HCl
HClO3+HI===HIO3+HCl
3HClO+HI===HIO3+3HCl
HClO+H2SO3===H2SO4+HCl
HClO+H2O2===HCl+H2O+O2
(oxidation:
HClO>
HClO2>
HClO3>
HClO4,
Butthestrong,hotHClO4isveryoxidizing
2H2SO4(thick)+C===CO2+2SO2+2H2O
2H2SO4(thick)+S===3SO2+2H2O
H2SO4+Fe(Al)passivationatroomtemperature
6H2SO4(concentrated)+2Fe===Fe2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O
2H2SO4(thick)+Cu===CuSO4+SO2+2H2O
H2SO4(thick)+2HBr===SO2+Br2+2H2O
H2SO4(thick)+2HI===SO2+I2+2H2O
H2SO4(dilute)+Fe===FeSO4+H2
2H2SO3+2H2S===3S+2H2O
4HNO3(thick)+C===CO2+4NO2+2H2O
6HNO3(thick)+S===H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O
5HNO3(thick)+P===H3PO4+5NO2+H2O
6HNO3+Fe===Fe(NO3)3+3NO2+3H2O
4HNO3+Fe===Fe(NO3)3+NO+2H2O
30HNO3+8Fe===8Fe(NO3)3+3N2O+15H2O
36HNO3+10Fe===10Fe(NO3)3+3N2+18H2O
30HNO3+8Fe===8Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2O
2,reducibility:
H2SO3+X2+H2O===H2SO4+2HX
(XstandsforCl2,Br2,I2)
2H2SO3+O2===2H2SO4
H2SO3+H2O2===H2SO4+H2O
5H2SO3+2KMnO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+2H2SO4+3H2O
H2SO3+2FeCl3+H2O===H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl
3,acidic:
H2SO4(thick)+CaF2===CaSO4+2HF
H2SO4(thick)+NaCl===NaHSO4+HCl
H2SO4(thick)+2NaCl===Na2SO4+2HCl
H2SO4(thick)+NaNO3===NaHSO4+HNO3
3H2SO4(concentrated)+Ca3(PO4)2===3CaSO4+2H3PO4
2H2SO4(concentrated),+Ca3(PO4),2===2CaSO4+Ca(H2PO4)2
3HNO3+Ag3PO4===H3PO4+3AgNO3
2HNO3+CaCO3===Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO2
(H2S,HI,HBr,H2SO4(SO2)couldnotbepreparedwithHNO3andconcentratedp
Equivalentreducinggas)
4H3PO4+Ca3(PO4)2===3Ca(H2PO4)2(TSP)
H3PO4(thick)+NaBr===NaH2PO4+HBr
H3PO4(thick)+NaI===NaH2PO4+HI
4,instability:
2HClO===2HC
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