新编跨文化交际英语教程参考答案Word文档格式.docx
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新编跨文化交际英语教程参考答案Word文档格式.docx
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1.Isitstilloftenthecasethat?
squ“icketvoebrylaomnethealien”inthecontemporaryworld?
Thisisstillpowerfulintodayalan‘dpsoslioticialrhetoric.Forinstance,itisnotuncommonin
today‘ssocietytohearpeoplesaythatmost,ifnotall,ofthesocialandeconomicproblemsacareusedbyminoritiesandimmigrants.
2.What?
sthedifferencebetweentoday?
sinterculturalcontactandthatofanytimeinthepast?
Today‘sinterculturalencountersarefarmorenumerousandofgreaterimportancethaninatnimyeinhistory.
3.Whathavemadeinterculturalcontactaverycommonphenomenoninourlifetoday?
Newtechnology,intheformoftransportationandcommunicationsystems,hasacceleratedinterculturalcontact;
innovativecommunicationsystemshaveencouragedandfacilitatedculturalinteraction;
globalizationoftheeconomyhasbroughtpeopletogether;
changesinimmigrationpatternshavealsocontributedtointerculturalencounter.
4.Howdoyouunderstandthesentence“cultureiseverythingandeverywhere”?
Culturesuppliesuswiththeanswerstoquestionsaboutwhattheworldlookslikeandhowweliveandcommunicatewithinthatworld.Cultureteachesushowtobehaveinourlifefromtheinstantofbirth.Itisomnipresent.
5.Whatarethemajorelementsthatdirectlyinfluenceourperceptionandcommunication?
Thethreemajorsocio-culturalelementsthatdirectlyinfluenceperceptionandcommunicationareculturalvalues,worldview(religion),andsocialorganizations(familyandstate).
6.Whatdoesone?
sfamilyteachhimorherwhileheorshegrowsupinit?
Thefamilyteachesthechildwhattheworldlookslikeandhisorherplaceinthatworld.
7.Whyisitimpossibletoseparateouruseoflanguagefromourculture?
Becauselanguageisnotonlyaformofpreservingculturebutalsoameansofsharingculture.Languageisanorganized,generallyagreed-upon,learnedsymbolsystemthatisusedtorepresenttheexperienceswithinaculturalcommunity.
8.Whatarethenonverbalbehaviorsthatpeoplecanattachmeaningto?
Peoplecanattachmeaningtononverbalbehaviorssuchasgestures,postures,facialexpressionesy,econtactandgaze,touch,etc.
9.Howcanafree,culturallydiversesocietyexist?
Afree,culturallydiversesocietycanexistonlyifdiversityispermittedtoflourishwithoutprejudiceanddiscrimination,bothofwhichharmallmembersofthesociety.
ReadingII
TheChallengeofGlobalization
1.Whydoestheauthorsaythatourunderstandingoftheworldhaschanged?
Manythings,suchaspoliticalchangesandtechnologicaladvances,havechangedtheworldveryrapidly.Inthepastmosthumanbeingswereborn,lived,anddiedwithinalimitedgeographicalarea,neverencounteringpeopleofotherculturalbackgrounds.Suchanexistence,however,nolongerprevailsintheworld.Thus,allpeoplearefacedwiththechallengeofunderstandingthischangedandstillfastchangingworldinwhichwelive.
2.Whata“globalvillage”islike?
Asourworldshrinksanditsinhabitantsbecomeinterdependent,peoplefromremoteculturesincreasinglycomeintocontactonadailybasis.Ina—giobaeivibegsofonceisolated
groupsofpeoplehavetocommunicatewithmembersofotherculturalgroups.Thosepeoplemaylivethousandsofmilesawayorrightnextdoortoeachother.
3.Whatisconsideredasthemajordrivingforceofthepost-1945globalization?
Technology,particularlytelecommunicationsandcomputersareconsideredtobethemajordrivingforce.
4.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysayingthat“?
tmheay,gbleobmalorelocalthanthe,local?
”?
Theincreasingglobalmobilityofpeopleandtheimpactofnewelectronicmediaonhumancommunicationsmaketheworldseemsmaller.Wemaycommunicatemorewithpeopleofothercountriesthanwithourneighbors,andwemaybemoreinformedoftheinternationaleventsthanofthelocalevents.Inthissense,“th‘eglobal'
maybemorelocalthanthe‘local'
”
5.Whyisitimportantforbusinesspeopletoknowdiverseculturesintheworld?
Effectivecommunicationmaybethemostimportantcompetitiveadvantagethatfirmshavetomeetdiversecustomerneedsonaglobalbasis.Succeedingintheglobalmarkettodayrequirestheabilitytocommunicatesensitivelywithpeoplefromothercultures,asensitivitythatisbasedonanunderstandingofcross-culturaldifferences.
6.Whataretheseriousproblemsthatcountriesthroughouttheworldareconfrontedwith?
Countriesthroughouttheworldareconfrontedwithseriousproblemssuchasvolatileinternationaleconomy,shrinkingresources,mountingenvironmentalcontamination,andepidemicsthatknownoboundaries.
7.WhatimplicationscanwedrawfromthecaseofMichaelFay?
Thiscaseshowsthatinaworldofinternationalinterdependence,theabilitytounderstandandcommunicateeffectivelywithpeoplefromotherculturestakesonextremeurgency.Ifweareunawareofthesignificantrolecultureplaysincommunication,wemayplacetheblameforcommunicationfailureonpeopleofothercultures.
8.Whatattitudesarefavoredbytheauthortowardsglobalization?
Globalization,forbetterorforworse,haschangedtheworldgreatly.Whetherwelikeitornot,globalizationisallbutunstoppable.Itisalreadyheretostay.Itisbothafactandanopportunity.Thechallengesarenotinsurmountable.Solutionsexist,andarewaitingtobeidentifiedandimplemented.Fromaglobalisticpointofview,thereishopeandfaithinhumanity.
CaseStudy
Case1
Inthiscase,thereseemedtobeproblemsincommunicatingwithpeopleofdifferentculturesinspiteoftheeffortsmadetoachieveunderstanding.
WeshouldknowthatinEgyptasinmanycultures,thehumanrelationshipisvaluedsohighlythatitisnotexpressedinanobjectiveandimpersonalway.WhileAmericanscertainlyvaluehumanrelationships,theyaremorelikelytospeakoftheminlesspersonal,moreobjectiveterms.Inthiscase,Richard‘smistakemightbethathechosetopraisethefooditselfratherthanthetotalevening,forwhichthefoodwassimplythesettingorexcuse.Forhishostandhostessitwasasifhehadattendedanartexhibitandcomplimentedtheartistbysaying,Whatbeautifulframesyourpicturesarein.
InJapanthesituationmaybemorecomplicated.Japanesepeoplevalueorderandharmonyamongpersonsinagroup,andthattheorganizationitsel-fbeitafamilyoravastcorporation-ismorevaluedthanthecharacteristicsofanyparticularmember.Incontrast,Americansstressindividualityasavalueandareapttoassertindividualdifferenceswhentheyseemjustifiablyinconflictwiththegoalsorvaluesofthegroup.Inthiscase:
Richard‘smistakewasinmakinggreat
effortstodefendhimself.Lettheothersassumethattheerrorswerenotintentional,butitisnotrighttodefendyourself,evenwhenyourunstatedintentistoassistthegroupbywarningothersofsimilarmistakes.Asimpleapologyandacceptanceoftheblamewouldhavebeenappropriate.ButforpoorRichardtohavemerelyapologizedwouldhaveseemedtohimtobesubservient,unmanly.
WhenitcomestoEngland,weexpectfewerproblemsbetweenAmericansandEnglishmen
thanbetweenAmericansandalmostanyothergroup.Inthiscasewemightlookbeyondthegestureoftakingsugarorcreamtothevaluesexpressedinthisgesture:
forAmericans—Helpyourself;
fortheEnglishcounterpart,——Bemyguest.AmericanandEnglishpeopleequallyenjoyentertainingand
beingentertainedbuttheydiffersomewhatinthevalueofthedistinction.Typically,theidealguestatanAmericanpartyisonewhokes—imaelfathome,eventothepointofansweringthedoor
orfixinghisowndrink.Forpersonsinmanyothersocieties,includingatleastthishypotheticalEnglishhost,suchguestbehaviorispresumptuousorrude.
Case2
Acommonculturalmisunderstandinginclassesinvolvesconflictsbetweenwhatissaidtobedirectcommunicationstyleandindirectcommunicationstyle.InAmericanculture,peopletendtosaywhatisontheirmindsandtomeanwhattheysay.Therefore,studentsinclassareexpectedtoaskquestionswhentheyneedclarification.MexicanculturesharesthispreferenceofstylewithAmericancultureinsomesituations,andthat‘swhythestudentsfromMexicoreadilyadoptedthe
techniquesofaskingquestionsinclass.However,Koreanpeoplegenerallypreferindirectcommunicationstyle,andthereforetheytendtonotsaywhatisontheirmindsandtorelymoreonimplicationsandinference,soastobepoliteandrespectfulandavoidlosingfacethroughanyimproperverbalbehavior.Asismentionedinthecase,tomanyKoreans,numerousquestionswouldshowadisrespectfortheteacher,andwouldalsoreflectthatthestudenthasnotstudiedhardenough.
Case3
Theconflicthereisadifferenceinculturalvaluesandbeliefs.Inthebeginning,Marydidn‘trealizethatherDominicansistersawherasamemberofthefamily,literally.IntheDominicanview,familypossessionsaresharedbyeveryoneofthefamily.LuzwasactingasmostDominicansisterswoulddoinborrowingwithoutaskingeverytime.OnceMaryunderstoodthattherewasadifferentwayoflookingatthis,shewouldbecomemoreaccepting.However,shemightstillexperiencethesamefrustrationwhenthishappenedagain.Shehadtofindwaystocopewithherownemotionalculturalreactionaswellasherpracticalproblem(thebatteriesrunningout).
Case4
Itmightbesimplyaquestionofdifferentrhythms.Americanshaveonerhythmintheirpersonalandfamilyrelations,intheirfriendlinessandtheircharities.Peoplefromothercultureshav
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