精灵语Quenya教程 Lesson 610Word文件下载.docx

精灵语Quenya教程 Lesson 610Word文件下载.docx

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67reads"

liftedup"

–whichismerelyanalternativewordingof"

.）OtherexamplesfromTolkien'

snotes:

ora-"

urge"

pasttenseoranë

"

urged"

（VT41:

13,18）

hehta-"

exclude"

pasttensehehtanë

excluded"

（WJ:

365）

ulya-"

pour"

pasttenseulyanë

poured"

（Etym,entryULU）

sinta-"

fade"

pasttensesintanë

faded"

（Etym,entryTHIN）

Wemayaddtheverbahyanë

changed"

（or"

didchange"

）,onlyattestedlikethisinthepasttense,aspartofthequestionmanenlambë

Quendionahyanë

[?

]"

howdidthelanguageoftheElveschange?

"

（PM:

395）.Theverb"

change"

wouldseemtobeahya-.

Regardingtheverbava-（apparentlymeaning"

refuse,forbid"

）,Tolkiennotedthatitspasttenseavanë

revealedthatitwasnotinorigina'

strong'

orbasicverbalstem"

.Thelatterseemstobemoreorlessthesameasaprimaryverb.Hecalledavanë

a"

weak"

pasttenseform（WJ:

370）.Thatprobablygoesforallthepasttensessofardiscussed.（WhatTolkienwouldcalla"

strong"

pasttenseisnotquiteclear.Perhapshewouldusethistermofthepasttensesformedbymeansofnasal-infixion–seebelow.）

Wemustalsoconsiderthe"

basic"

or"

primary"

ending-lessverbs,verbsthatunliketheA-stemsdonothaveafinalvowel:

verbslikesil-"

toshine"

tir-"

towatch"

mat-"

toeat"

.

Itseemsthattheending-në

canbeusedtoformthepasttenseofsomeprimaryverbsaswell.Tolkienmentionedtirnë

asthepasttenseoftheverbtir-"

（Etym,entryTIR）,andhealsoquotedtamnë

asthepasttenseoftheverbtam-"

totap"

（Etym,entryTAM）.Inthesecases,adding-në

totheverbalstemsinquestiondoesnotproduceimpossibleconsonantclusters:

BothrnandmnarepermittedbyQuenyaphonology.Forthisreason,theending-në

canprobablyalsobeaddedtoverbalstemsendingin-n,sincedoublennislikewiseawhollyacceptablecombinationinQuenya.Forinstance,thepasttenseoftheverbcen-"

tosee"

ispresumablycennë

saw"

thoughwehavenoattestedexampleofthepasttenseofaverbofthisshape.

Butwheneverthestemofabasicverbendsinanyconsonantotherthanjust-m,-n,or-r,simplyaddingtheending-në

wouldproduceconsonantclustersthatQuenyacannothave.Thepasttenseformsofverbslikemat-"

eat"

top-"

cover"

ortac-"

fasten"

cannotbe**matnë

**topnë

**tacnë

forclustersliketn,pn,cnarenotfoundinthelanguage.Sowhathappens?

Thedifficultwayofdescribingwhatoccursistosaythatthenoftheending-në

isreplacedbynasal-infixionintrudingbeforethelastconsonantoftheverbalstem.Whatis"

infixion"

?

Wehavealreadymentionedsuffixes,elementsaddedattheendofaword（likethepluralending-r,addedtothenounEldainitspluralformEldar）,andprefixes,elementsaddedatthebeginningofaword（likethesuperlativeprefixan-,addedtotheadjectivecalima"

bright"

initssuperlativeformancalima"

brightest"

）.Ifyouwanttoaddsomethingtoaword,thereareonlysomanyplacesyoucanfititin;

ifitisnottobeprefixedorsuffixed,thefinaloptionistoinfixit,thatis,jamitintotheword.Forinstance,theverbmat-"

hasthepasttensemantë

ate"

（VT39:

7）,aninfixednturningupbeforethefinalconsonantoftheverbalstem（tbecomingnt）.Similarly,theverbhat-"

breakasunder"

hasthepasttensehantë

（Etym,entrySKAT）.

Beforetheconsonantp,theinfixtakestheformmratherthann,sothatthepasttenseoftop-"

tocover"

istompë

（Etym,entryTOP）.Beforec,theinfixappearsasn（oractuallyñ

seebelow）,sothatthepasttenseoftac-"

tofasten"

istancë

（Etym,entryTAK）.Thevariousformsoftheinfix–n,morñ

dependingontheenvironment–areallnasals,soundspronouncedbymakingthestreamofairfromthelungsgooutthroughthenoseratherthanthemouth.Hencenasal-infixionisafittingtermforthisphonologicalprocess.

AsIsaid,thatwasthedifficultwayofstatingwhathappens.Putmoresimply:

ifaddingthepasttenseending-në

toaprimaryverbwouldresultinanyoftheimpossibleclusterstn,cn,pn,thenandtheconsonantbeforeitswitchplaces.Tnandcnsimplybecomentandnc;

whatwouldbenpchangestomptoeasepronunciation.（Actuallywhatwouldbencsimilarlychangestoñ

c,usingñ

forngasinkingasTolkiensometimesdid–butaccordingtothespellingconventionshereemployed,ñ

cisrepresentedsimplyasnc.）Hence:

mat-"

pasttense（**matnë

>

）mantë

top-"

pasttense（**topnë

**tonpë

）tompë

covered"

tac-"

pasttense（**tacnë

）tancë

fastened"

This,atleast,isaneasywaytoimagineitforpedagogicalpurposes.WecannotknowforcertainwhetherTolkienimaginedthistobetheactualdevelopment–aformsomethinglikematnë

actuallyoccurringatanearlierstage,butlaterbecomingmantë

byswappingaroundtheconsonantstandn.Thelinguistictermforsuchtransposingoftwosoundsismetathesis,andthereareotherexamplesofmetathesizedconsonantsintheimaginaryevolutionofTolkien'

slanguages（seeforinstancetheEtymologies,entryKEL-）.However,somecluessuggestthatTolkienimaginedthesepasttensestoreflect"

genuine"

nasal-infixionoccurringalreadyinprimitiveElvish,notmerelyalatertranspositionofconsonants.Afterall,hehadoneofhischaractersobservethat"

nasal-infixionisofconsiderableimportanceinAvallonian"

（SD:

433;

AvallonianisanothertermforQuenya）.Butthisisanacademicquestion.

Primaryverbswith-lastheirfinalconsonantmustbegivenspecialattention.Theverbvil-"

tofly"

issaidtohavethepasttensevillë

（Etym,entryWIL）.Thisdoublellprobablyrepresentssomecombinationoflandn.Perhapsvillë

ismeanttorepresentolderwilnë

withthenormalpasttenseending（noticethatinthiscase,vcomesfromolderw:

rootWIL）,thegrouplnturningintollinQuenya.However,otherexamplessuggestthatolderlnwouldratherproduceQuenyald.Itmaywellbethatvillë

ismeanttorepresentolderwinlë

thatis,anasal-infixedvariantoftheverbwil-（sincenlalsobecamellinQuenya;

forinstance,thenounnellë

brook"

issaidtocomefromoldernen-le:

Etym,entryNEN）.WhateverdevelopmentTolkienmayhaveimagined,primaryverbswithlastheirfinalconsonantseemtoformtheirpasttenseformbyadding-lë

.

NOTE:

InTelerin,thesisterlanguageofQuenyaintheBlessedRealm,averbformedfromarootDEL（"

go"

）issaidtohavethepasttensedelle:

WJ:

364.AspointedoutbyAlesBican,thisformprobablydescendsfromolderdenle（withnasal-infixion）.Ifitdescendedfromdelne,itwouldlikelyhaveremainedunchangedinTelerin,sincetheclusterlnispermittedinthislanguage（cf.aTelerinwordlikeelni"

stars"

WJ:

362）.Thisobservationsupportstheviewthatpasttenseswithnasal-infixiondidoccuralreadyinPrimitiveElvish.

ThesystemsetoutaboveiswhatIshallconsiderthe"

regular"

wayofformingthepasttenseofaverbinQuenya.Thatis,aslongasaverbconformswiththissystem,IwillnotexplicitlylistitspasttensewhenIfirstmentionit.Allthepasttensesintheexercisesbelowareconstructedaccordingtothissystem,soyourtaskthistimeistointernalizetherulesabove.Someirregularformswillbediscussedinlaterlessons,butevenso,wewillheresurveycertain"

alternative"

pasttenseformations（contrastingthemwiththemoreregularformsmayactuallybehelpfulinmemorizingthenormalsystem–butthestudentisnotexpectedtomemorizethissurveyassuch）.Sodoskimthroughasmuchasyoucantakeofthestuffbelow,andproceedtotheexerciseswhenyou'

vehadenough.

Thepasttenseofprimaryverbswith-rastheirfinalconsonantisrelativelywell-attested:

Attestedexamplesincludecar-"

make,do"

pa.t.carnë

（Etym,entryKAR）,tir-"

watch"

pa.t.tirnë

（Etym,entryTIR）andtur-"

govern"

pa.t.turnë

（Etym,entryTUR）.Soabovewesetouttherulethatverbsofthisshapehavepasttenseformsthatareconstructedbyaddingthesuffix-në

.Butafewverbsbehavequitedifferently.Thepasttenseoftheverbrer-"

sow"

isnot**rernë

aswemightexpect,butrendë

:

SeeEtym,entryRED.Thereasonforthisispreciselythefactthattheoriginalroot-wordwasREDratherthan**RER.Thustheverbrer-appearedasred-atanearlierstage,andthenthepasttenserendë

isactually"

enough:

itissimplyformedfromred-bymeansofnasal-infixion+theending-ë

（justlikesucharegularverb