Japan Has a Right to Preserve Its Whaling HeritageWord格式.docx
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Japan Has a Right to Preserve Its Whaling HeritageWord格式.docx
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sfoodculture."
ColinWoodardisajournalistandtheauthorofseveralnonfictionbooks.ArecipientofthePewFellowshipinInternationalJournalism,hehascoveredmanyglobalenvironmenttopics,fromthedestructionofcoralreefstoglobalwarming.In1986,theInternationalWhalingCommissionplacedamoratoriumonwhalehunting;
Japanisoneofonlyafewnationsstillpracticingcommercialwhaling.Inthefollowingviewpoint,WoodardplacesJapanesewhalehuntinginahistoricalcontextandarguesthattheJapanesepeoplehavejustificationforcontinuinganindustrythatisgloballycontroversialtothepointofvilification.
Asyouread,considerthefollowingquestions:
%6.IfcommercialwhalinghasbeenbannedinJapan,wheredoesWoodardsaythewhalesbeingusedforfoodarecomingfrom?
%6.HowhasJapangarneredsupportfromothernationsforitswhalingindustry,accordingtotheauthor?
%6.AccordingtothespokespersonforTokyo'
sInstituteforCetaceanResearch,ascitedbyWoodard,whydopeopleobjecttowhalemeatbutnotthemeatofotheranimals?
Ifyou'
reintoeatingwhales,KoujiShingru'
sshopistheplaceforyou.
Locatedonapedestrian-onlystreetinTokyo'
sbustlingAsakusaneighborhood,Shingru'
scompactestablishmenthasitall:
deepredwhalesteaksandfilletsinvacuum-sealedpackages,curedwhaleonastick,snack-sizedbagsofwhalejerky,andawideselectionofcannedwhalemorselspackedinbrownsauce.Asteadystreamofcustomers—mostofthemover50—flowsthroughtheYushiSpecialShopinWhales,oneofthecapital'
sonlyretailoutletsforwhaleproducts.
Almostallthosewholikewhalemeataremiddle-agedandolder,"
saysShingru,amiddle-agedmanhimself."
Youngpeoplehavenoexperiencewitheatingwhale.Infact,myshopisoneoftheonlyplaceswhereyoungpeoplehaveachancetoeatit."
WhalingBanLimitsSupply
Theproblem,saysShingru,iswiththesupply.Since1986,commercialwhalinghasbeenbannedbytheInternationalWhalingCommission[IWC]andwhale-eatingnationshavehadtomakedowiththebyproductsoftheirscientificcatch.Japan—whosepeopleoncekilledandatethousandsofblue,fin,sperm,sei,andhumpbackwhalesinasingleseason—hasinrecentyearssubsistedonanannualsupplyof500to600minkewhales,eachonlyathirdthesizeofthefinwhalesthatwereoncethebackboneofthecountry'
swhalingindustry.
Twentyyearsagotherewasalotofwhalemeat,andwhalewasapopularfish,"
Shingruexplains."
Nowthereisverylittleavailable,andwhalemeatisveryexpensive."
Heholdsupa100-grampackageoffreshminkebacon,whiteandlightpinkincolor,sellingfor1,800yen($15.30)—toodearformanyconsumers,hesays."
Twentyyearsago,thiswouldhavecostone-tenthasmuch."
Thatmaybeabouttochange.[In2006]Japanhasmorethandoubleditswhalingquotato935minkes,ostensiblyaspartoflong-termresearchintothesizeandhealthoftheirpopulationinthefrigidwatersaroundAntarctica.NorwayhasalsoboosteditsquotaintheNorthAtlantic,upsettinganti-whalingactivistswhonotethat[2006]willbetheworld'
smostdeadlywhalingseasoninageneration.
Indeed,2006couldwellbetheyearthattheinternationalwhalingmoratoriumcollapsesaltogether.Inatriumphofpatientdiplomacy,JapanhasusedaidandtrademeasurestoconvinceasmallarmyofpreviouslydisinterestedCaribbeanandPacificnationstojointheIWCandvotewithJapan.WhentheIWCmeetsinSt.KittsintheCaribbean,thepro-whalingblocmaywellhavethevotestooverturntheban.[Theydid.]Whale,itseems,isbackonthemenu.
TheCaseforWhaling
ManyintheWestseearesumptionofwhalingasbarbaric,areturntothedarkdaysofthe20thcentury,whenfloatingfactoriesdrovemanygreatwhalestothebrinkofextinctiontoprocureindustrialoilandpetfood.Butpeopleinwhale-eatingnationsseetheissuedifferently,andfindsomeofthecriticismsbyothercountrieshypocritical.
InNorway,evenleadingenvironmentalgroupsliketheOslo-basedBellonaFoundationsupportthecountry'
swhalehunt."
Weusesmallfishingvesselsthatconsumefewinputsandcausealmostnopollution—it'
sveryfriendlyeco-production,"
saysBellona'
sMariusHolm."
Ourprincipleisthatweshouldharvestwhatnatureprovides,butinasustainablewayregardingtheecosystemasawholeandthespecificstocks."
Aslongasit'
sdonesustainably,headds,"
Wethinkwhalingisagoodthing."
Usingthosecriteria,it'
shardtodisagree.Norway'
sgovernment-sanctionedhuntiscontroversial—it'
stheonlycountryintheworldthathasacommercialhuntindefianceofthemoratorium—butitdoesappeartobesustainable.Operatingfromabout30smallfishingvessels,Norway'
swhalersareallowedtokillupto1,052minkesoutofatotalestimatedNorthAtlanticpopulationofroughly100,000."
Thehuntwehavehadalongourcoasthasalwaysbeensustainable,"
saysHalvardJohansenoftheNorwegianMinistryofFisheries."
We'
vebeenwhalingonthiscoastsincetheninthcentury,andwedon'
tseethatbigadifferencebetweenaboriginalwhalingandwhatwedohere."
(NativeresidentsinAlaska,Canada,Greenland,andSt.VincentandtheGrenadinesarepermittedalimitedannualsubsistencehunt.)
Weutilizethewholeanimal—nothingisthrownaway,"
IcelandicwhalerKristjanLoftssontoldmewhenIvisitedhiscountry.LoftssonismanagingdirectorofIceland'
sfour-boatwhalingfleet,whichcatchesabout40minkeseachyearunderasciencepermit."
Wefeelthatwe'
rebeinghungformistakesmade80yearsagointheAntarctic."
OurinterviewstartedonthedeckofoneofLoftsson'
s150-footsteam-poweredboats,whicharesosmalltheyreturnfromahuntwithoneortwominkecarcassesstrappedtotheoutsideofthehull.(Theanimalsarebutcheredonshore.)Butwhenmyquestionsturnedtothewhale'
splaceinIcelandicfoodculture,Loftssoninsistedweadjournto3Frakkar,anearbyReykjavikrestaurantwhosedeepfreezershavekeptitstablessuppliedwithwhalethroughoutthemoratorium.
Thefinwhaleisservedassashimi,andlooksandtasteslikeacrossbetweenhigh-gradetunaandbeeftenderloin.Despitespending20yearsin3Frakkar'
sfreezers,it'
ssubtleanddelicious."
It'
sthebestsushimeatyoucanhave,"
Loftssonproclaims,hisbeardshakingwithenthusiasm,"
buthereweeatitmostlyasgrilledmeat."
Whenthesmalldishisfinished,Ihavesomemisgivingsabouthavingeatenpartofagreatwhale,buttheexperiencecan'
tfailtoimpressjusthowmanymealsasinglewhalemustproduce.Intermsoffoodperlifetaken,it'
shardtocompetewithan80-tonmammal—that'
s35,000timestheliveweightofachicken.
TheCulturalStruggle
InTokyo,Shingruhadabackroomwherecustomerscouldeattheirwhalepurchases,butIsettledforaportablebagofminkewhalejerky.Ittastedsomethinglikebeefjerky,onlysweeter,aspromisedbythetextonthepackage:
"
ThisKuziraJerkytastessweet,"
itreadinEnglish,"
one'
sdearoldtaste."
ThelastreferencewastargetedatolderJapanesewholivedthroughthefamineyearsatthecloseofWorldWarII.Inthosedays,whalemeatprovidedalifelinetoatrulystarvingpopulation,accountingfornearlyhalfofallanimalproteinconsumption,andearningitselfareveredpositioninthenation'
sfoodculture."
Itisnoexaggerationtosaythatthebloodofthewhalehasflow[ed]ineachJapanesepersonwhohasconsumedwhaleas[an]importantgiftfromthesea,"
wroteTakeoKoizumioftheTokyoUniversityofAgricultureinawhalingassociationnewsletterin2003.
Butagenerationgapexists,saysHidekiMoronuki,chiefofthedivisionthatoverseeswhalingattheJapaneseFisheriesAgency."
Whalemeatismorethantwiceasexpensiveasyellowfintuna,andmanypeople,particularlytheyoungergeneration,can'
taffordit,"
henotes."
Thequantityofwhalemeatprovidedbythemarkethasincreasedbecauseoftheexpansionofourresearch"
—themeatfromtheadditionalwhalescapturedforsciencemustnotbewasted,underIWCrules—"
butstillthepriceisnotcheap."
IftheIWCmoratoriumislifted,pricescouldgodown—butdemand,notsupply,maybecomeJapan'
sproblem.Evenwithanexpandedscientifichunt,hundredsoftonsofunsoldwhalemeathavebeenpilingupinstoragefreezers.
Nowthere'
sevenacampaigntointroducewhaletoJapanesechildrenandteens.SchoolsinWakayama,awhalingregion,haveaddedthemeattotheirlunchprogram."
Whaleculture"
lessonshavebeenaddedtoelementary-schoolcurricula,andonefast-foodchainhasstartedservingwhaleburgers,toastormofinternationalcriticism.
ButGlennInwood,aNewZealanderwhoservesasspokespersonforTokyo'
sInstituteforCetaceanResearch,thinkstheanti-whalingargumenthasbecomephilosophical,notscientific."
Ithasreallycomedowntowhetherornotyouthinkthewhaleresourceshouldbeusedatall,regardlessoftheirabundance,"
hesays.Opposition,hesays,isfueledbypublicrevulsionoverharpooningandflensing—theprocessofremovingblubberfromthecarcass—twopracticesthatopponentshavevideotapedfordistribution.
Intheend,supporterssaythewhalehuntisnotallthatdifferentfromthemainstreammeatindustry."
Manyofusliveincitiesandeatmeatwrappedinplasticandmanagetohaveoureyesclosedtowherei
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