英 美 文 学 教 案 2Word格式.docx
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英 美 文 学 教 案 2Word格式.docx
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racialandsexualequality;
individuallibertyoflifestyle;
fullfreedomofthought,expression,andthepress;
eradicationofreligiousauthorityfromthelegislativeprocessandeducation;
andfullseparationofchurchandstate.
2.influentialfigures
Philosophers:
BaruchSpinoza(1632–1677),ThomasHobbes(1588—1679,JohnLocke(1632–1704),Voltaire(1694–1778),DenisDiderot(1713–1784)Rousseau(1712–1778),Montesquieu(1689–1755),BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)
Scientists:
physicistIsaacNewton(1643–1727),politicaleconomistAdamSmith(1723–1790)WealthofNations(1776)(thefatherofmoderneconomicscience)
3.Neoclassicism
New-classicismistheproductoftheageofreason.Itadvocatesidealsoforder,logic,restraint,accuracy,"
correctness,"
restraint,"
decorum,andsoon,whichwouldenablethepractitionersofvariousartstoimitateorreproducethestructuresandthemesofGreekorRomanoriginals.Theiremphasisonpropersubjectmatter;
theirattemptstosubordinatedetailstoanoveralldesign,toemployintheirworkconceptslikesymmetry,proportion,unity,harmony,andgracefacilitatetheprocessofdelighting,instructing,educating,andcorrectingthesocialanimalwhichtheybelievedmantobe.
NeoclassicismdominatedEnglishliteraturefromtheRestorationin1660untiltheendoftheeighteenthcentury.
4.Worksandwriters
1)Popewasthecentralpoeticfigure.
Works:
Essayonman;
EssayonCriticism((1711,criticalstatementsofNeoclassicalprinciples);
TheDunciad
2)Defoe,Richardson,Fielding,andSwiftweretheimportantnovelists.
Defoe’sRobinsonCrusoe
Heisanenlightenmenthero.Crusoe’ssuccessinmasteringhissituation,overcominghisobstacles,andcontrollinghisenvironmentshowstheconditionofmasteryinapositivelight,atleastatthebeginningofthenovel.Crusoelandsinaninhospitableenvironmentandmakesithishome.HistaminganddomesticationofwildgoatsandparrotswithCrusoeastheirmasterillustrateshisnewfoundcontrol.Moreover,Crusoe’smasteryovernaturemakeshimamasterofhisfateandofhimself.Inbuildingahomeforhimselfontheisland,hefindsthatheismasterofhislife—hesuffersahardfateandstillfindsprosperity.
MetaphysicalPoets
ThemetaphysicalpoetswereagroupofBritishpoetsofthe17thcentury,whosharedaninterestinmetaphysicalconcernsandacommonwayofinvestigatingthem,andwhoseworkwascharacterisedbyinventivenessofmetaphor(theseinvolvedcomparisonsbeingknownasmetaphysicalconceits).Thenow-usednamewasgivenbySamuelJohnson.Hesaid:
itisacombinationofdissimilarimages,ordiscoveryofoccultresemblancesinthingsapparentlyunlike."
Theirstylewascharacterizedbywitandmetaphysicalconceits—far-fetchedorunusualsimilesormetaphors,suchasinAndrewMarvell’scomparisonofthesoulwithadropofdew.Metaphysicalpoetsweretooparticularintheirsearchfornovelty.Theirworkisoftenintellectually,ifnotemotionallystimulating.Thegroupwastohaveasignificantinfluenceon20th-centurypoetry,especiallythroughT.S.Eliot,whosefavorableessayTheMetaphysicalPoets(1921)helpedbringtheirpoetrybackintofavorwithreaders.therepresentativepoetsareJohnDonne,GeorgeHerbert,AndrewMarvell,RichardCrashawandHenryVaughan.
TheFlea
byJohnDonne
MARKbutthisflea,andmarkinthis,
Howlittlethatwhichthoudeniestmeis;
Itsuck'
dmefirst,andnowsucksthee,
Andinthisfleaourtwobloodsmingledbe.
Thouknow'
stthatthiscannotbesaid
Asin,norshame,norlossofmaidenhead;
Yetthisenjoysbeforeitwoo,
Andpamper'
dswellswithonebloodmadeoftwo;
Andthis,alas!
ismorethanwewoulddo.
Ostay,threelivesinonefleaspare,
Wherewealmost,yea,morethanmarriedare.
ThisfleaisyouandI,andthis
Ourmarriagebed,andmarriagetempleis.
Thoughparentsgrudge,andyou,we'
remet,
Andcloister'
dintheselivingwallsofjet.
Thoughusemakeyouapttokillme,
Letnottothatself-murderaddedbe,
Andsacrilege,threesinsinkillingthree.
Cruelandsudden,hastthousince
Purpledthynailinbloodofinnocence?
Whereincouldthisfleaguiltybe,
Exceptinthatdropwhichitsuck'
dfromthee?
Yetthoutriumph'
st,andsay'
stthatthou
Find'
stnotthyselfnormetheweakernow.
'
Tistrue;
thenlearnhowfalsefearsbe;
Justsomuchhonour,whenthouyield'
sttome,
Romanticism
1.historicalbackground
TheRomanticEraisatimeinhistorythatwassurroundedbywar.TheimportantonesaretheAmericanRevolution(1775–1783)andtheFrenchRevolution(1789–1799).Thewars,alongwiththepoliticalandsocialturmoilthatgoesalongwiththem,serveasthebackgroundforRomanticism.Thestrongfeelingsthatwartimeproducesservedasacatalystforanoutpouringofartandliterature.
Romanticismwasacomplexartistic,literary,andintellectualmovementthatoriginatedintheendofthe18thcenturyinEurope,andgainedstrengthinreactiontotheIndustrialRevolution.TheideologiesandeventsoftheFrenchRevolutionlaidthebackgroundfromwhichbothRomanticismandtheCounter-Enlightenmentemerged.2.characteristics
1)ItwasarevoltagainstsocialandpoliticalnormsoftheAgeofEnlightenmentandareactionagainstthescientificrationalisationofnature.
2)ItprizedintuitionandemotionoverEnlightenmentrationalism,believingstrongemotionasanauthenticsourceofaestheticexperience.
3)Itstressedthesublimityofwildnatureanditspicturesquequalities.
Thetreesspeak,thewindsings,andthemountainscall.
4)Itbelievedlifeisanartandelevatedarttosomethingnoble.
5)Italsoattemptedtoembracetheexotic,unfamiliar,anddistantinmoreauthenticmodes,harnessingthepowerofimaginationtoenvisionandtoescape.
3.Thedifferencebetweenromanticismandneoclassicism:
reasonversusemotionandintuition;
socialbeingversusindividuality;
cultureversusnature;
objective(fixedrulesandregularity)versussubjective(richimagination,unconventional,personalfreedom);
realisticversusartistic(lifeisanart---lookattheworldwithaneyeofreasonvs.withaneyeofart);
morality(didacticism)versusempathizingorimpressing
4.writersandworks
ThepoetandpainterWilliamBlakeisthemostextremeexampleoftheRomanticsensibilityinBritain.HisartisticworkisstronglyinfluencedbyMedievalmysticism.
RomanticisminBritishliteratureismostlyassociatedwiththepoetsWilliamWordsworthandSamuelTaylorColeridge,whoseco-authoredbookLyricalBallads(1798)soughttorejectclassicalpoetryinfavourofmoredirectspeechderivedfromfolktraditions.
LordByron,PercyByssheShelley,andJohnKeatsconstituteanotherphaseofRomanticisminBritain.
1)WilliamWordsworth’spoetry
IWanderedLonelyasaCloud
Iwanderedlonelyasacloud
Thatfloatsonhigho'
ervalesandhills,
WhenallatonceIsawacrowd,
Ahost,ofgoldendaffodils,
Besidethelake,beneaththetrees
Flutteringanddancinginthebreeze.
Continuousasthestarsthatshine
AndtwinkleontheMilkyWay,
Theystretchedinnever-endingline
Alongthemarginofabay:
TenthousandsawIataglance
Tossingtheirheadsinsprightlydance.
Thewavesbesidethemdanced,butthey
Out-didthesparklingwavesinglee:
-
Apoetcouldnotbutbegay
Insuchajocundcompany:
Igazed-andgazed-butlittlethought
Whatwealththeshowtomehadbrought.
Foroft,whenonmycouchIlie
Invacantorinpensivemood,
Theyflashuponthatinwardeye
Whichistheblissofsolitude;
Andthenmyheartwithpleasurefills
Anddanceswiththedaffodils.
MyHeartLeapsUp
MyheartleapsupwhenIbehold
Arainbowinthesky:
Sowasitwhenmylifebegan;
SoisitnowIamaman;
SobeitwhenIshallgrowold,
Orletmedie!
TheChildisfatheroftheMan;
AndIcouldwishmydaystobe
Boundeachtoeachbynaturalpiety
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