三Trajectory and driving factors for GHG emissions in the Chinese cement industryWord格式文档下载.docx
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三Trajectory and driving factors for GHG emissions in the Chinese cement industryWord格式文档下载.docx
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bCircularEconomyandIndustrialEcologyResearchGroup,KeyLabonPollutionEcologyandEnvironmentalEngineering,InstituteofAppliedEcology,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Shenyang,LiaoningProvince110016,PRChina
articleinfo
Articlehistory:
Received30October2012Receivedinrevisedform1April2013
Accepted1April2013
Availableonline17April2013
Keywords:
GHGemissionsinventoryDrivingfactors
ChinesecementindustryLMDI
abstract
Accountingfor7%ofenergyconsumptionfromallindustrialsectorsand15%oftotalgreenhousegas(GHG)emissionsinChinain2009,thecementindustryshouldbeoneofthemainsectorstoimplementlowcarbondevelopment.However,adetailedstudyonpresentingitsGHGemissiontrajectoryandidentifyingthekeydrivingfactorshasyettobedone.Undersuchacircumstance,thispaperfirstpresentsaGHGemissioninventoryofthecementindustryinChinaandthenidentifiesthemaindrivingfactorsthatinfluencechangesofGHGemissionsinthecementindustrybyadoptingLMDImethod.OurresultsshowthatthetotalGHGemissionin2009was1095.1Mtcarbondioxideequivalent(CO2e),ofwhich
592.8MtCO2ewasprocess-relatedand502.3MtCO2ewasenergy-related.Themajorfactorsresponsible
fortheincreaseofGHGemissionsduring2005e2009includecementproductionactivityeffectandclinkerproductionactivityeffect,whileenergyintensityeffectplayedapositiveroletooffsettotalGHGemissions.Finally,wepresentourpolicyimplicationsandprovidepossibletechnicalsolutionsforreducingGHGemissionsofthecementindustryinChina.
©
2013ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.
1.Introduction
Overthepastfiftyyears,greenhousegases(GHG)intheatmo-sphereincreasedrapidlyandresultedinclimatechangewithnegativeimpactsonnaturalsystem(IPCC,2007).AccordingtoIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC),humanactiv-itiesareresponsibleforabout90%ofGHGemissions(Solomonetal.,2009),inwhichindustrialsectorisoneofthemainsources
Abbreviations:
CO2e,carbondioxideequivalent;
GHG,greenhousegas;
IPCC,IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange;
CSI,CementSustainabilityInitiative;
WBCSD,WorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment;
CBCSD,ChinaBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment;
UNCCC,UnitedNationsClimateChangeConference;
GDP,grossdomesticproduct;
CKD,recycledcementkilndust;
EFpro,theemissionfactorinindustrialprocess;
EFcl,theemissionfactorofcalci-nationprocess;
CFckd,theemissioncorrectionfactorforcementkilndust;
RM/CLi-ratio,rawmealtoclinkerratio;
fTOCRM,weightfractionoftotalorganiccarbon;
EGHG-pro,theprocess-relatedemissions;
EGHG-en,energy-relatedemissions;
EFi,theemissionfactorforfueli;
CCA,ChinaCementYearbook;
RDF,RefuseDerivedFuel;
EGHG-ele,totalindirectGHGemissions;
EFj,theemissionfactorofeachregionalpowergrid;
SDA,structuraldecompositionanalysis;
IDA,decompositionanalysis;
LMDI,logarithmicmeandivisiaindex;
CCS,carboncaptureandstorage;
R&
D,ResearchandDevelopment.
*Correspondingauthor.Tel.:
þ
862483970372;
fax:
862483970371.
E-mailaddress:
gengyong@(Y.Geng).
ofanthropogenicGHGemissions.Asoneofthemostenergy-intensiveindustrialsectorsandsignificantsourcesofanthropo-genicGHGemissions,thecementindustryamountsforaround5e7%ofglobalGHGemissions(Benhelaletal.,2012).Cementpro-ductiongeneratescarbondioxide(CO2)directlyduringitsclinkercalciningprocess,andindirectlyreleasesGHGemissions(includingCO2,methane(CH4),andnitrogenoxide(N2O))duetoitsfossilfuelcombustionandhugeconsumptionofelectricity(Greggetal.,2008).
Thecementmanufacturingprocessinvolvesthreekeysteps,includingpreparingandgrindingtherawmaterials,heatingthenewlyformedclinkerinakiln,andfinalproductionofcementthroughgrinding.Fig.1liststheoverallproductionandGHGemissionsflowforcementproduction.Forthefirststep,throughtheuseofdrilling,blasting,andcrushingmachines,minedlime-stoneandothermaterialsareconvertedtosmallpieceswithanaveragesizeof0.39inch(about1cm)indiameter.Thesematerialsaregroundedtoveryfinepowdersandblendedwiththecorrectproportions.TheuseofpurchasedelectricityisthemainsourceofGHGemissionsduringthisstep(embodiesemissions).Thesecondstep(calciningprocess)takesplaceinarotarykilnthatisfiredbyfossilfuelsataveryhightemperature(usuallyabout1400○Ce1500○C)sothattherawmealcanbeconvertedintodriedmaterialafterthegrindingprocess.Thematerialformedinthekilnisnamed
0959-6526/$eseefrontmatter©
http:
//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.04.001
electricity
crush
grindandhomogenize
rawmeal
pre-heat
calcine
clinkerelectricity
Limestone,CaCO,MgCO
Clay,shale,otherCaO,MgO,CaSi
fossilfuelelectricity
grind
gypsum
GHGemissionsfromcalciumcarbonatebreakdownGHGemissionsfromcementklindust(CKD)
materialflow
clinker
cement
GHGemissionsfromorganiccarboninrawmaterials
GHGemissionsGHGemissionsfromfossilfuelcombustion
GHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricity
substitution
Fig.1.TheoverallflowchartforcementproductionandrelatedGHGemissions.
as“clinker”andistypicallycomposedofroundednodulesbetween1mmand25mm.InthisprocesscalciumcarbonatebreakdownreleasesCO2andatthesametimealargeamountoffossilfuelsandelectricityareconsumed,generatingGHGemissions.Forthethirdstep,thecooledclinkerisgroundedagaininarotatingfinishingmill.Acombinationofgypsumandclinkersubstitutionisaddedtotheheatedcementduringthisstep.Thefinalproductsarepackedanddistributedtofinalconsumers.GHGemissionsduringthisstepcomefrompurchasedelectricityconsumedbygrindingmachinesandpackagingmachines,aswellasthefuelemissionsforfinaldelivery.
Duetocomplexmaterialandenergyflowsforcementproduc-tion,theinvestigationofGHGemissionsinventoryforcementin-dustryisalsocomplicated.ResearcheffortshavebeenmadeonestablishingguidelinesforGHGaccountingofcementindustryduringthelasttwodecades.Forinstance,IPCCdevelopedCO2ac-countingmethodsforcementproductionprocessinIPCCnationalGHGguidelines(IPCC,2006).TheCementSustainabilityInitiative
(CSI)oftheWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(WBCSD)released“TheCementCO2andEnergyProtocol”(version3)in2011(CSI,2011),providingadetailedaccountingmethodonGHGemissionsforcementproduction.In2008,ChinaBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(CBCSD)andseveralotherorganiza-tionsjointlydevelopedaGHGemissioncalculationmethodforChinesecementindustry,whichhasbeenwidelyusedbytheChi-
nesecementsector(Wang,2011).
Duetotherapideconomicgrowthandurbanization,ChinahasovertakentheUnitedStatesasthebiggestemitterofGHGemis-sionsintheworld(Guanetal.,2012),accountingforabout25%ofglobalGHGemissions(EIA,2011)and20%ofglobalprimaryenergyconsumption(BP,2011).WithinChina,industrialsectorsconsumed71.5%oftotalenergyconsumptionin2009(NBS,2011a),among
whichthecementindustryaccountedforabout7.5%ofindustrial
40e45%,using2005asthebenchmarkyear,andtoincreasethepercentageofnon-fossilfuelsintheprimaryenergyconsumptiontoapproximately15%by2020(Geng,2011;
GengandSarkis,2012).Undersuchacircumstance,mitigationeffortsbycementsectorareparticularlyimportant.
Followingtheaboveprotocolsandmethods,severalstudieshavebeenconductedforaccountingGHGemissionsinventoryintheChinesecementindustry.Forexample,Leietal.(2011)esti-matedalldirectemissionsofairpollutantsfromChinesecementindustry,includingGHGemissions.Keetal.(2012)analyzedGHGemissionsfromChinesecementindustryandpredictedfutureemissionsthroughscenarioanalysis.Bodenetal.(2009)andCuiandLiu(2008)madetheireffortstocalculateGHGemissionsofChinesecementindustry.WhilethesestudiesmadesignificantcontributionstoGHGemissions’inventoryfortheChinesecementindustry,severallimitationsexist.First,fuelemissionfactors,includingelectricityemissionfactorsusedintheircalculationprocesses,werenotsuitableforChina’sreality;
second,sometypesoffuelswerenotconsideredinthesestudies,suchascoke,gangue,refusederivedfuel;
third,indirectemissionsbothfromelectricityconsumptionanditssupplychainweremissed.Moreimportantly,thepreviousstudiesonlyconsideredGHGemissionsaccounting,butdidnotidentifythekeydrivingforcesforrapidincreaseofGHGemissionsfromChina’scementindustry.
Hence,ourstudyaimstofillsucharesearchgapsothataholistic
pictureofGHGemissionsfromChinesecementsectorcanbe
Cementpodution(Mt)
3500
3000
2500
57%
energyconsumption(NBS,2011b).Accordingtothenational12thFive-YearPlan(2011e2015)(StateCouncil,2011),urbanizationwillbevigorouslyandsoundlypromoted,indicatingthatthetotalGHGemissionsofChinawillincrea
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