湖北研究生入学考试英语+答案Word格式.docx
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湖北研究生入学考试英语+答案Word格式.docx
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Formostofus,workisthecentral,dominatingfactoroflife.Wespendmorethanhalfourconscioushoursatwork,preparingforwork,travelingtoandfromwork.Whatwedotherelargelydeterminesourstandardoflivingandtoaconsiderableextentthestatusweareaccordedbyourfellowcitizensaswell.Itissometimessaidthatbecauseleisurehasbecomemoreimportant,theindignitiesandinjusticesofworkcanbepushedintoacorner;
thatbecausemoreworkisprettyintolerable,thepeoplewhodoitshouldcompensateforitsboredom;
frustrationsandhumiliationsbyconcentratingtheirhopesontheotherpartsoftheirlives.Irejectthatasacounselpfdespair.Fortheforeseeablefuturethematerialandpsychologicalrewardswhichworkcanprovide,andtheconditionsinwhichworkisdone,willcontinuetoplayavitalpartindeterminingthesatisfactionthatlifecanoffer.Yetonlyasmallminorityeancontrolthepaceatwhichtheyworkortheconditionsinwhichtheirworkisdone;
onlyforasmallminoritydoesworkofferscopeforcreativity,imagination,orinitiative.
Inequalityatworkandinworkisstilloneofthecruelestandmostglaringformsofinequalityinoursociety.Wecannothopetosolvethemoreobviousproblemsofindustriallife,manyofwhicharisedirectlyorindirectlyfromtheinequalityatwork.Stilllesscanwehopetocreateadecentandhumanesociety.
Themostglaringinequalityisthatbetweenmanagersandtherest.Formostmanagers,workisanopportunityandachallenge.Theirjobsengagetheirinterestandallowthemtodeveloptheirabilities.Theyareabletoexerciseresponsibility;
theyhaveaconsiderabledegreeofcontrolovertheirownandtheothers’workinglives.Mostimportantofall,theyhavetheopportunitytoinitiate.Bycontrast,formostmanualworkers,workisaboring,monotonous,evenpainfulexperience.Theyspendalltheirworkinglivesinconditionswhichwouldberegardedasintolerableforthemselvesbythosewhotakethedecisionswhichletsuchconditionscontinue.Themajorityhavelittlecontrolovertheirwork;
itprovidesthemwithnoopportunityforpersonaldevelopment.Oftenproductionissodesignedthatworkersaresimplypartofthetechnology.Inoffices,manyjobsaresoroutinethatworkersjustifiablyfeelthemselvestobemerecogsinthebureaucraticmachine.Asadirectconsequenceoftheirworkexperience,manyworkersfeelalienatedfromtheirworkandtheirfirm,whetheritisinpublicorinprivateownership.
1.Accordingtotheauthor,it’strueaboutworkthat.
A.one’shappylifelargelydependsonwhetherhisworkisrewarding
B.concentratingonyourworkisacounselwhenyouareindespair
C.peopleshouldtrytoavoidtheintolerableunfairnessofwork
D.dignitybecomesmoreandmoreimportantthanwork
2.Whatadvantagedomanagershaveovertheotherworkers?
A.Theycancontrolotherpeople’slives.
B.Theycanmaketheirowndecisions.
C.Theycanworkatwhateverintereststhem.
D.Theycangettimeofftoattendcourses.
3.Workingconditionsgenerallyremainbadbecause.
A.theworkerslosetheirintereststochangethem
B.fewpeoplecandecidewhattodoaboutthem
C.officeworkerswanttoprotecttheirpositions
D.managersdonotwanttochangethem
4.Whatfrustratestheworkersinamodernsociety?
A.Theirworkinterfereswiththeirprivatelives.
B.Theyareincapableofdoingtheirworkproperly.
C.Theyfeeltheyarejustasmallandsubordinatepartofit.
D.Theirlivesarecomplicatedduetotechnologicaladvances.
Questions5to8arebasedonthefollowingpassage:
TheuniquenessoftheJapanesecharacteristheresultoftwoseeminglycontradictoryforces:
thestrengthoftraditionsandtheselectivereceptivitytoforeignachievementsandinventions.Asearly1860stherewerecountermovementtothetraditionalorientation.OneofthefamousspokesmenofJapan’s“Enlightenment”claimed“theConfuciancivilizationoftheEastseemstometolacktwothingspossessedbyWesterncivilization:
scienceinthematerialsphereandasenseofindependenceinthespiritualsphere.”AnotherbreakofrelativeliberalismfollowedWorldWarI,whenthedemocraticidealismofPresidentWoodrowWilsonhadanimportantimpactonJapaneseintellectualsandespeciallystudents;
butmoreimportantwastheLeninistideologyofthe1917BolshevikRevolution.Again,intheearly1930s,nationalismandmilitarismbecamedominant.
FollowingtheendofWorldWarII,substantialchangeswereundertakeninJapantoliberatetheindividualfromauthoritarianrestrains.Thenewdemocraticvaluesystemwasacceptedbymanyteachers,students,intellectuals,andoldliberals,butitwasnotimmediatelyembracedbythesocietyasawhole.Japanesetraditionsweredominatedbygroupvalues,andnotionsofpersonalfreedomandindividualrightswereunfamiliar.
Today,democraticprocessesareclearlyevidentinthewidespreadparticipationoftheJapanesepeopleinsocialandpoliticallife.Schooltextbooksemphasizeequalityoverhierarchyandrationalismovertradition;
butinpracticethesevaluesareoftenmisinterpretedanddistorted,particularlybytheyouthwhotranslatetheindividualisticandhumanisticgoalsofdemocracyintoegoisticandmaterialisticones.
MostJapanesepeoplehaveconsciouslyrejectedConfucianism,butleftoversoftheoldorderremain.Animportantfeatureofrelationshipsinmanyinstitutions,includingpoliticalpartiesanduniversitiesis,theoyabun-kobunorparent-childrelation.Thecorrespondingloyaltyoftheindividualtohispatronreinforceshisallegiancetothegrouptowhichtheybothbelong.Awillingnesstocooperatewithothermembersofthegroupandtosupportwithoutqualificationtheinterestsofthegroupinallitsexternalrelationsisstillawidelyrespectedvirtue.Theoyabun-kobuncreatesladdersofmobilitywhichanindividualcanascend,risingasfarasabilitiespermit,solongashemaintainssuccessfulpersonaltieswithasuperiorintheverticalchannel,thelatterrequirementusuallytakingprecedenceoveraneedforexceptionalcompetence.Asaconsequence,thereislittlehorizontalrelationshipbetweenpeoplewiththesameprofession.
5.ThespokesmanofJapan’s“Enlightenment”thoughtthat.
A.thetraditionalcultureshouldbereplacedbywesternmodernization
B.JapaneseoughttoforsaketheConfuciancivilizationoftheEast
C.theConfuciancivilizationinJapanshouldbedominant
D.Japanshouldintroducewesterncivilization
6.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutJapan’scultureistrue?
A.SubstantialchangeindemocraticprocesshavetakenplaceduringWorldWarII.
B.NowadaysthetraditionalConfucianismisanecessarypartofthesocietyinJapan.
C.TodaytheConfucianismoutweighsthedemocraticvaluesysteminuniversitiesofJapan.
D.ThedemocraticideawasnotacceptedbythesocietyafterWorldWarII.
7.Therelationshipofoyabun-kobuncanbeonebetween.
A.ashopownerandacustomer
B.aCEOandanemployee
C.apoliticianandanopponent
D.ajudgeandalawyer
8.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorimpliesthat.
A.respectforauthorityplaysamoreimportantroleinpromotion
B.westernvalueshaveoverwhelmedtraditionalJapaneseattitudes
C.colleaguesaremorecloselyrelatedtoeachotherthanbefore
D.mostJapaneseworkersaremembersofasingleparty
Questions9to12arebasedonthefollowingpassage:
Beforeabigexam,asoundnight’ssleepwilldoyoumoregoodthanporingovertextbooks.That,atleast,isthefolkwisdom.Andscience,intheformofbehavioralpsychology,supportsthatwisdom.Butsuchbehavioralstudiescannotdistinguishbetweentwocompetingtheoriesofwhysleepisgoodformemory.Onesaysthatsleepiswhenpermanentmemoriesform.Theothersaysthattheyareactuallyformedduringtheday,butthen“edited”atnight,toflushawaywhatissuperfluous.
Totellthedifference,itisnecessarytolookintothebrainofasleepingperson,andthatishard.Butafteradecadeofpainstakingwork,ateamledbyPierreMaquetatLiegeUniversityinBelgiumhasmanagedtodoit.TheparticularstageofsleepinwhichtheBelgiangroupisinterestedisrapideyemovement(REM)sleep,whenbrainandbodyareactive,heartrateandbloodpressureincrease,theeyesmovebackandforthbehindtheeyelidsasifwatchingamovie,andbrainwavetracesresemblethoseofwakefulness.Itisduringthisperiodofsleepthatpeoplearemostlikelytoreliveeventsofthepreviousdayindreams.
Dr.MaquetusedanelectronicdevicecalledPETtostudythebrainsofpeopleastheypracticedataskduringtheday,andastheysleptduringthefollowingnight.Thetaskrequiredthemtopressabuttonasfastaspossible,inresponsetoalightcomingoninoneofsixpositions.Astheylearnthowtodothis,theirresponsetimesgotfaster.Whattheydidnotknowwasthattheappearanceofthelightssometimesfollowedapattern—whatisreferredtoasan“artificialgrammar”.Yetthereductionsinresponsetimeshowedthattheylearntfasterwhenthepatternwaspresentthanwhentherewasnot.
Whatismore,thosewithmoretolearn(i.e.,the“grammar”,aswellasthemechanicaltaskofpushingthebutton)havemoreactivebrains.The“editing”theorywouldnotpredictthat,since
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