跨文化交际上课内容unit5Word下载.docx
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跨文化交际上课内容unit5Word下载.docx
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communicatewiththeoutsideworld.
sharethepast.
exercisesomecontroloverthepresent.
formimagesofthefuture.
(ii)Cross-CulturalVerbalCommunicationStyles(p179-183)
1.DirectandIndirectVerbalInteractionStyles
Inthedirectverbalstyle,statementsclearlyrevealthespeaker’sintentions.
Eg.U.S.Americanstendtouseastraightforward直白的formofrequest.
Intheindirectverbalstyle,ontheotherhand,verbalstatementstendtohidethespeaker’sactualintentions.
Eg.Chinesetendtoaskforafavorinamoreroundabout迂回的andimplicit含蓄的way.
2.Self-EnhancementandSelf-Effacement谦逊VerbalStyles
Theself-enhancementverbalstyleemphasizestheimportanceofboastingabout自夸one’saccomplishmentsandabilities.
Eg.Intheclassifiedads分类广告,Americanadmightbeginwith,“Ahandsome,athleticmalewithagoodsenseofhumorseeksafun-lovingpartner…”
Theself-effacementverbalstyle,ontheotherhand,emphasizestheimportanceofhumblingoneselfviaverbalrestraints限制禁止,hesitationsandmodesttalk.
Eg.Intheclassifiedads,Japaneseadmightread,“AlthoughIamnotverygood-looking,I’mwillingtotrymybest.”
Comparethefollowingwaystoservetea:
Japanese:
Thisisnotverydelicious,but…
American:
ThisisthebestIcanoffer.
3.Elaborate精心制作,Exacting严格的andSuccinct简洁Styles
Anelaboratestyleemphasizesflashyandembellished美化language.ThisstyleofcommunicationcanbeseeninmanyArab阿拉伯,MiddleEastern,andAfro-American美国黑人cultures.
Anexactingstyle,wherepersonssaynomoreorlessthanisneeded,isusedbyAmericans.
Asuccinctstyleischaracterizedbytheuseofconcisestatements,understatements,andevensilence.AsuccinctstylecanbefoundinJapan,China,andsomeNativeAmericancultures
Comparethefollowings:
Arab:
@#%&
$%)(_$$``^%#@...…
Justthefacts!
Chinese:
SilenceisGolden.
4.PersonalandContextualStyle
Thepersonalcommunicationstyleemphasizestheindividualidentityofthespeaker.
Eg.Englishhasonlyoneformforthesecondperson,thatis,you.
Thecontextualstylehighlightsone’sroleidentityandstatus.
Eg.Chinese,GermanandFrench,forexample,haveinformalandformalformsofthepronounyou(你/您;
du/Sie;
tu/vous).
5.InstrumentalandAffectiveStyle
Aninstrumentalverbal工具性语言styleissender-basedandgoal-outcomebased.Theinstrumentalspeakerusescommunicationtoachievesomegoaloroutcome.Theburdenofunderstandingoftenrestswiththespeaker.
Anaffectivecommunication情感传达styleisreceiverandprocessoriented调整.Theaffectivespeakerisconcernednotsomuchwiththeoutcomeofthecommunication,butwiththeprocess.Theresponsibilityofunderstandingrestswith在于boththespeakerandthelistener.
II.Reading
1.Readthearticleof“UnderstandingtheCultureofConversation”.Whatarethedifferentculturesofconversationamongpeoplefromdifferentcountries?
1)Conversationisarichpoint(arichpointissomethinginoneculturethatmakesitdifficulttobeconnectedwithanotherculture).Itisn’tanyparticularwordorgrammaticalconstructionthatproducestherichpoint;
itissomethingaboutthewaythingsaregoing,somethingaboutpeople’sideasabouthowtodoaconversation.Tohandletherichpoints,oldunconsciouswaysofdoingthingsaredustedoff抹掉,newwaysarebuiltup.Toconverse交谈inthenewways,youhavetoexperiencecultureandmanufacturesomeframes.Ifyoudon’tfigureouttheframes,youmightspeakgrammaticallycorrectEnglish,butwhatyoucommunicatewilldifferfromwhatyouintended.
Nowlet’sgotoseethedifferentconversationculturesofdifferentcountries.
2)Mexican:
Theconversationmaystartwithonetopic,andifanotherinterestingtopicseepsin渗入yourideitaroundforawhile.Stickingtothefirsttopicislessimportantthanhavinganinterestingconversation.
3)American:
1Theconversationusuallyhasatopic,andthespeakerwantstotakeastraightlinethroughitfromthebeginningtoend.
2TheAmericansexpectananswertotheorienting定向question,thatistolancetheirconversationwithself-promotion自我推销--here’swhoIam,here’swhyI’mgoodatit,here’swhyyoushouldpayattentiontome.
4)Swedish:
TheSwedishconversationalidealistorespondinaconcise简明的mannerwithoutelaboratingspecificdetails,esp.thoseforself-promotion.
5)Thus,whatcausesmiscommunication错误传达isoftenthewayideasareputtogetherintoanargument,thewaysomeideasareselectedforspecialemphasis,orthewayemotionalinformationabouttheideasispresented.
6)DifferentconversationculturesbetweenAnglosandAthabaskans:
1Whospeaksfirst(whoopenstheconversation);
2Whocontrolsthetalk;
3Whenit’stimeforanewpersontotakeaturn,suchasthelengthofapause;
(whotalksnext)
4Howlongoneshouldtalk;
5Howaconversationshouldclose;
(whoclosestheconversation)
2.Apartfromdifferencesingrammar,vocabulary,andpronunciation,whatotherdifferencescanyoufindbetweenChineseandEnglish?
Readthearticleof“TheWayPeopleSpeak”.
1)FromtheexampleoftheconversationbetweenanItalianandanAmerican,wecanseethedifferentconversationpatternsinthesetwocultures.TheAmericansdonotenjoyverbalconflictsoverpoliticsoranythingelsewhiletheItalianswelcomethem.
2)Highinvolvement高度介入conversationpatternsandhighconsideratenesspatterns(DeborahTannen):
Highinvolvementpatterns:
talkmore;
interruptmore;
expecttobeinterrupted;
talkmoreloudlyattimesandtalkmorequickly.Manyenjoyarguments.
Highconsiderateness体谅人的patterns:
speakoneatatime;
usepolitelisteningsounds;
refrainfrom克制抑制interruptingandgiveplentyofpositiveandrespectfulresponsestotheirconversationpartners.
3)Culturesinvolved:
Russian,Italian,Greek,Spanish,SouthAmerican,Arab,andAfrican.
Highconsideratenesspatterns:
AsianCultureslikeChineseandJapanese,mainstreamAmericans.
4)Therearealsosignificantdifferencesbetweenthevariousculturesofthesameconversationpattern.EvenwithintheUnitedStatesthereareimportantregional地区andethnicdifferences种族差异inconversationstyles.
5)Culturalbeliefs文化信仰differastowhetherdirectnessorindirectnessisconsideredpositive.InthemainstreamAmericanculture,theidealformofcommunicationincludesbeingdirectratherthanindirect.LatinAmericansandmanyAsiansvalueindirectness.
6)Ping-PongconversationalstyleandBowlingstyle
InanAmerican“Ping-Pong”conversation,onepersonhastheballandthenhitsittotheothersideofthetable.Theotherplayerhitstheballbackandthegamecontinues.Eachpartoftheconversationfollowsthispattern:
thegreetingandtheopening,thediscussionofatopic,andtheclosingandfarewell告别.However,inaJapanese“Bowling”conversation,eachparticipantwaitspolitelyforaturnandknowsexactlywhenthetimeisrighttospeak.Thatis,theyknowtheirplaceinline.InJapaneseconversation,longsilencesaretolerated.ForAmericans,eventwoorthreesecondsofsilencecanbecomeuncomfortable.
3.Sofar,wecanseethattherearetheCulturalRelativity文化相对性ofCommunication--whentotalk,whattosayandhowtosaydifferfromculturetoculture.
(i)Whentotalk(theexampleoftheconversationbetweenAnglosandAthabaskans)
(ii)Howtotalk
Pacingandpausing(theexampleoftheconversationbetweenAnglosandAthabaskans)
Meaning:
Howfastdoyouspeak?
Howlongdoyouwaitfollowinganotherspeaker’sutterance表达说话,beforeconcludingtheotherhasnomoretosay?
Listenership(theexampleoftheconversationbetweenAnglosandAthabaskans)
Indirectness
Onlyapartofmeaningresidesin存在于thewordsspoken;
thelargestpartiscommunicatedbyhints暗示,assumptions,andlistenersfilling-infromcontextandpriorexperience.
e.g.AGreekwife(ordaughter):
CanIgotothemarketplace?
Husbandorfather:
(neversayno)Ifyouwant,youcango.–meaningNo.
Yes,ofcourse,go.–meaningYes.
(iii)Whattosay--topics(Seetheexercisesonp164)
Whichtopicsareregardedastheappropriateonesinconversations?
Weather,Pet,Work,Hobby,Sex,Family,Age,Income,Property,Maritalstatus,Politics,Religiousbelief,Disease,Death,Disability
topics
InEnglish-speakingcultures
InChineseculture
Acceptabletopicsofconversation
Weather
Pet
Work
Hobby
Sex
Family
Age
Income
Property财产
Maritalstatus婚姻
Unacceptabletopicsofconversation
Age,especiallyalady’sage
Maritalstatus
Property
Politics
Religiousbelief
Disease
Death
Pregnancy
Disability
readthethreedialoguesonpage170-172,thentrytofindouttheproblemsandwaystoavoidsuchproblemsininterculturalcommunication.
III.Topicsforpresentation:
compliment(p162-163),telephonecalls(p172-173),howtosay“No”(p133-136),introduction,
Disagreeingagreeably(Americanway&
Chineseway:
)
--WhatdoesJapanese“Hai”mean?
HowdoesanAmericanunderstandit?
(p133)
Chineseandwesternshavedifferentapproachestorefusingrequests
Chinese
English
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