药典01Word格式.docx
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药典01Word格式.docx
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ChapterContents
∙ConventionalPlateCountMethod
∙SpiralPlateMethod
∙References
Theaerobicplatecount(APC)isintendedtoindicatethelevelofmicroorganisminaproduct.DetailedproceduresfordeterminingtheAPCoffoodshavebeendevelopedbytheAssociationofOfficialAnalyticalChemists(AOAC)(3)andtheAmericanPublicHealthAssociation(APHA)
(1).Theconventionalplatecountmethodforexaminingfrozen,chilled,precooked,orpreparedfoods,outlinedbelow,conformstoAOACOfficialMethodsofAnalysis,sec.966.23,withoneproceduralchange(966.23C).Thesuitablecolonycountingrange(10)is25-250.Theautomatedspiralplatecountmethodfortheexaminationoffoodsandcosmetics(5),outlinedbelow,conformstoAOACOfficialMethodsofAnalysis,sec.977.27.Forproceduraldetailsofthestandardplatecount,seeref.2.Guidelinesforcalculatingandreportingplatecountshavebeenchangedtoconformwiththeanticipatedchangesinthe16theditionofStandardMethodsfortheExaminationofDairyProducts
(2)andtheInternationalDairyFederation(IDF)procedures(6).
ConventionalPlateCountMethod
A.Equipmentandmaterials
1.Workarea,leveltablewithamplesurfaceinroomthatisclean,well-lighted(100foot-candlesatworkingsurface)andwell-ventilated,andreasonablyfreeofdustanddrafts.Themicrobialdensityofairinworkingarea,measuredinfalloutpourplatestakenduringplating,shouldnotexceed15colonies/plateduring15minexposure.
2.Storagespace,freeofdustandinsectsandadequateforprotectionofequipmentandsupplies
3.Petridishes,glassorplastic(atleast15x90mm)
4.Pipetswithpipetaids(nomouthpipetting)orpipettors,1,5,and10ml,graduatedin0.1mlunits
5.Dilutionbottles,6oz(160ml),borosilicate-resistantglass,withrubberstoppersorplasticscrewcaps
6.Pipetandpetridishcontainers,adequateforprotection
7.Circulatingwaterbath,fortemperingagar,thermostaticallycontrolledto45±
1°
C
8.Incubator,35±
C;
milk,32±
9.Colonycounter,dark-field,Quebec,orequivalent,withsuitablelightsourceandgridplate
10.Tallyregister
11.Dilutionblanks,90±
1mlButterfield'
sphosphate-buffereddilutionwater(R111);
milk,99±
2ml
12.Platecountagar(standardmethods)(M1242)
13.Refrigerator,tocoolandmaintainsamplesat0-5°
milk,0-4.4°
14.Freezer,tomaintainfrozensamplesfrom-15to-20°
15.Thermometers(mercury)appropriaterange;
accuracycheckedwithathermometercertifiedbytheNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology(NIST)
B.Procedureforanalysisoffrozen,chilled,precooked,orpreparedfoods
Usingseparatesterilepipets,preparedecimaldilutionsof10-2,10-3,10-4,andothersasappropriate,offoodhomogenate(seeChapter13forsamplepreparation)bytransferring10mlofpreviousdilutionto90mlofdiluent.Avoidsamplingfoam.Shakealldilutions25timesin30cm(1ft)arcwithin7s.Pipet1mlofeachdilutionintoseparate,duplicate,appropriatelymarkedpetridishes.Reshakedilutionbottle25timesin30cmarcwithin7sifitstandsmorethan3minbeforeitispipettedintopetridish.Add12-15mlplatecountagar(cooledto45±
C)toeachplatewithin15minoforiginaldilution.Formilksamples,pouranagarcontrol,pouradilutionwatercontrolandpipetwaterforapipetcontrol.Addagartothelattertwoforeachseriesofsamples.Addagarimmediatelytopetridisheswhensamplediluentcontainshygroscopicmaterials,e.g.,flourandstarch.Pouragaranddilutionwatercontrolplatesforeachseriesofsamples.Immediatelymixsampledilutionsandagarmediumthoroughlyanduniformlybyalternaterotationandback-and-forthmotionofplatesonflatlevelsurface.Letagarsolidify.Invertsolidifiedpetridishes,andincubatepromptlyfor48±
2hat35°
C.Donotstackplateswhenpouringagarorwhenagarissolidifying.
C.GuidelinesforcalculatingandreportingAPCsinuncommoncases
OfficialMethodsofAnalysis(3)doesnotprovideguidelinesforcountingandreportingplatecounts,whereasStandardMethodsfortheExaminationofDairyProducts,16thed.
(2)presentsdetailedguidelines;
foruniformity,therefore,useAPHAguidelinesasmodified(6,8).Reportallaerobicplatecounts
(2)computedfromduplicateplates.Formilksamples,reportallaerobicplate
(2)countscomputedfromduplicateplatescontaininglessthan25coloniesaslessthan25estimatedcount.Reportallaerobicplatecounts
(2)computedfromduplicateplatescontainingmorethan250coloniesasestimatedcounts.Countsoutsidethenormal25-250rangemaygiveerroneousindicationsoftheactualbacterialcompositionofthesample.Dilutionfactorsmayexaggeratelowcounts(lessthan25),andcrowdedplates(greaterthan250)maybedifficulttocountormayinhibitthegrowthofsomebacteria,resultinginalowcount.Reportcountslessthan25ormorethan250coloniesasestimatedaerobicplatecounts(EAPC).Usethefollowingguide:
1.Normalplates(25-250).Selectspreader-freeplate(s).Countallcolonyformingunits(CFU),includingthoseofpinpointsize,onselectedplate(s).Recorddilution(s)usedandtotalnumberofcoloniescounted.
2.Plateswithmorethan250colonies.WhennumberofCFUperplateexceeds250,foralldilutions,recordthecountsastoonumeroustocount(TNTC)forallbuttheplateclosestto250,andcountCFUinthoseportionsofplatethatarerepresentativeofcolonydistribution.Seeref.2fordetailedguidelines.MarkcalculatedAPCwithEAPCtodenotethatitwasestimatedfromcountsoutside25-250perplaterange(seeD-3).
3.Spreaders.Spreadingcoloniesareusuallyof3distincttypes:
1)achainofcolonies,nottoodistinctlyseparated,thatappearstobecausedbydisintegrationofabacterialclump;
2)onethatdevelopsinfilmofwaterbetweenagarandbottomofdish;
and3)onethatformsinfilmofwateratedgeoronsurfaceofagar.Ifplatespreparedfromsamplehaveexcessivespreadergrowthsothat(a)areacoveredbyspreaders,includingtotalareaofrepressedgrowth,exceeds50%ofplatearea,or(b)areaofrepressedgrowthexceeds25%ofplatearea,reportplatesasspreaders.Whenitisnecessarytocountplatescontainingspreadersnoteliminatedby(a)or(b)above,counteachofthe3distinctspreadertypesasonesource.Forthefirsttype,ifonlyonechainexists,countitasasinglecolony.Ifoneormorechainsappeartooriginatefromseparatesources,counteachsourceasonecolony.Donotcounteachindividualgrowthinsuchchainsasaseparatecolony.Types2and3usuallyresultindistinctcoloniesandarecountedassuch.CombinethespreadercountandthecolonycounttocomputetheAPC.
4.PlateswithnoCFU.Whenplatesfromalldilutionshavenocolonies,reportAPCaslessthan1timesthecorrespondinglowestdilutionused.MarkcalculatedAPCwithasterisktodenotethatitwasestimatedfromcountsoutsidethe25-250perplaterange.Whenplate(s)fromasampleareknowntobecontaminatedorotherwiseunsatisfactory,recordtheresult(s)aslaboratoryaccident(LA).
D.Computingandrecordingcounts(seerefs6,8)
ToavoidcreatingafictitiousimpressionofprecisionandaccuracywhencomputingAPC,reportonlythefirsttwosignificantdigits.RoundofftotwosignificantfiguresonlyatthetimeofconversiontoSPC.Formilksamples,whenplatesforalldilutionshavenocolonies,reportAPCaslessthan25coloniesestimatedcount.Roundbyraisingtheseconddigittothenexthighestnumberwhenthethirddigitis6,7,8,or9andusezerosforeachsuccessivedigittowardtherightfromtheseconddigit.Rounddownwhenthethirddigitis1,2,3,or4.Whenthethirddigitis5,roundupwhentheseconddigitisoddandrounddownwhentheseconddigitiseven.
Examples
CalculatedCount
APC
12,700
13,000
12,400
12,000
15,500
16,000
14,500
14,000
1.Plateswith25-250CFU.
a.CalculatetheAPCasfollows:
where:
N=Numberofcoloniespermlorgofproduct
∑C=Sumofallcoloniesonallplatescounted
n1=Numberofplatesinfirstdilutioncounted
n2=Numberofplatesinseconddilutioncounted
d=Dilutionfromwhichthefirstcountswereobtained
Example
1:
100
1000
232,244
33,28
=537/0.022
=24,409
≈24,000
b.Whencountsofduplicateplatesfallwithinandwithoutthe25-250colonyrange,useonlythosecountsthatfallwithinthisrange.
2.Allplateswithfewerthan25CFU.Whenplatesfrombothdilutionsyieldfewerthan25CFUeach,recordactualplatecountbutrecordthecountaslessthan25
×
1/dwhendisthedilutionfactorforthedilutionfromwhichthefirstcountswereobtained.
Colonies
EAPC/ml(g)
18
2
<
2,500
3.Allplateswithmorethan250CFU.Whenplatesfromboth2dilutionsyieldmorethan250CFUeach(butfewerthan100/cm2),estimatetheaerobiccountsfromtheplates(EAPC)nearest250andmultiplybythedilution.
TNTC
640
640,000
TNTC,toonumeroustocount.
EAPC,estimatedaerobicplatecount.
4.Allplateswithspreadersand/orlaboratoryaccident.ReportrespectivelyasSpreader(SPR),orLaboratoryAccident(LA).
5.Allplateswithmorethananaverageof100CFUpersqcm.EstimatetheAPCasgreaterthan100timesthehighestdilutionplated,timestheareaoftheplate.Theexamplesbelowhaveanaveragecountof110persqcm.
Colonies/Dilution
TNT
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