考研英语二 阅读理解C节 划线句子翻译Word格式.docx
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考研英语二 阅读理解C节 划线句子翻译Word格式.docx
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TEST1
Doanimalshaverights?
Thisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikeauseful,ground-clearingwaytostart.71)Actually,itisn’t,becauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanrights,whichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave.
Ononeviewofrights,tobesure,itnecessarilyfollowsthatanimalshavenone.72)Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontract,aspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.Therefore,animalscannothaverights.Theideaofpunishingatigerthatkillssomebodyisabsurd,forexactlythesamereason,soistheideathattigershaverights.However,thisisonlyoneaccount,andbynomeansanuncontestedone.Itdeniesrightsnotonlytoanimalsbutalsotosomepeople—forinstancetoinfants,thementallyincapableandfuturegenerations.Inaddition,itisunclearwhatforceacontractcanhaveforpeoplewhoneverconsentedtoit,howdoyoureplytosomebodywhosays“Idon’tlikethiscontract”?
Thepointisthis:
withoutagreementontherightsofpeople,arguingabouttherightsofanimalsisfruitless.73)Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:
itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumans,orwithnoconsiderationatall.Thisisafalsechoice.Bettertostartwithanother,morefundamental,question:
isthewaywetreatanimalsamoralissueatall?
Manydenyit.74)Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespect,extremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice.Anyregardforthesufferingofanimalsisseenasamistake—asentimentaldisplacementoffeelingthatshouldproperlybedirectedtootherhumans.
Thisviewwhichholdsthattorturingamonkeyismorallyequivalenttochoppingwood,mayseembravely“logical.”Infactitissimplyshallow:
theconfusedcenterisrighttorejectit.Themostelementaryformofmoralreasoning—theethicalequivalentoflearningtocrawl—istoweighothers’interestsagainstone’sown.Thisinturnrequiressympathyandimagination:
withoutwhichthereisnocapacityformoralthought.Toseeananimalinpainisenough,formost,toengagesympathy.75)Whenthathappens,itisnotamistake:
itismankind’sinstinctformoralreasoninginaction,aninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat.
71.【答案】
事实并非如此,因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同认识为基础的,而这种共同认识并不存在。
【解析】
本题需要注意对两个it的翻译,第一个it指的是前文的内容,并且该句开头提到actually(实际上),因此Actually,itisn’t应译为“事实并非如此”,第二个it指的是Doanimalshaverights?
这一提问,因此应译为“这种问法”。
72.【答案】
有些哲学家论证说,权利只存在在于社会契约中,是责任与权益相交换的一部分。
该句中socialcontract指“社会契约”;
aspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements中的as为介词,意为“作为”,该介词短语是对rights的修饰。
entitlement应得权益;
授权。
73.【答案】
这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端,它使人们认为应这样对待动物:
要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅,要么完全冷漠无情。
该句开头的it指的是前文中提到的动物权利,因此此处译为“这种说法”;
attheoutset一开始,当初。
此处的invite不能取其平常“邀请”的意思,而应根据上下文译为“使,让”。
74.【答案】
这类人持极端看法,认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同,对待动物无须考虑道德问题。
that引导的从句thathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespect为view的同位语;
ineveryrespect在各方面。
75.【答案】
这种反应并不错,这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用,这种本能应得到鼓励,而不应遭到嘲弄。
该题需要注意代词that的指代,即上文中提到的看到动物痛苦时人们的反应,因此应译为“这种反应”。
TEST2
Lawisthesystemofstate-enforcedrulesbywhichrelativelylargecivilsocietiesandpoliticalentitiesoperate.Thisprogrammedsocialfunctioningisbackedupbytheexerciseofpowerbyapoliticallysovereignbody.
1)Whatconstituteslawamongthebehavioralcodesbywhichgroupsorindividualsinsocietylivehasbeendefinedbylegalphilosophersinthreedifferentways.Somesaythatlawisthecommandofasovereignpowertoobeyarule,withapenaltyforviolatingit.Thisviewiscalledlegalpositivismandhasbeenparticularlyassociatedwiththe19th-centuryEnglishphilosopherJohnAustin.
2)Ontheothersidearethosewhosaythatlawistheapplicationwithinastateoranyothercommunityofrulesthatarederivedfromuniversalprinciplesofmoralityrootedinturninrevealedreligionorreasonorakindofethicalcommunalsensibility.ThisviewisassociatedwithThomasAquinas,intheMiddleAges,whoproposeditintheformofnaturallawtheory,andwithLonFullerandRonaldDworkin,amongrecentAmericanlegalphilosophers.
Inthe1960sthewidelyrespectedOxfordphilosopherHarttriedtofindanintermediatepositionbetweenthesetwoopposingdefinitionsoflawaccordingtopositivismandnaturalHearguedthatthereare“rulesofrecognition”inwhichtheobligationofruleconformityisbrought,aboutby“socialpressure”andcustomarysocialbehaviorratherthanbysovereigncommandandpenalty.
Manystipulations,Hartclaimed,arerecognizableaslawsthatarepragmaticrulesfortransactionsbetweenprivatepartiesandfunctionallylieoutsidethesphereofsovereigncommandandpenalty.Nosovereignpower,nomatterhowambitiousandaggressive,canenforcemorethanpartoftherangeoflawswelive.by.Eventheconceptofsovereignpowerisproblematicandvulnerable.
4)WhetherHartreallyestablishedanintermediatepositionbetweenthetwostandardpositionsinlegalphilosophyorsimplyfoundanewway-subtle,perhaps,orconfusing—ofassociatinglawwithethicsinacontextoflinguisticanal)sisandpragmatictheoryremainsamatterofdispute.
Lawisdividedintotwokinds.First,thereiscriminallaw,bywhichpeaceandsecurityaremaintained,andwhoseviolationresultsinpubliclyadministeredpunishmentofgreaterorlesserseverityandbringsupontheviolatorthebadnameofmoralSecond,thereiscivillaw,whichregulatesrelationshipsbetweenindividuals,families,andcorporationsinvolvingotherthancriminalactivitiesandprovidesstate-enforcedtechniquesforaccumulatinganddistributingpropertyandotherformsofwealth.Forexample,murderandrobberyfallwithinthescopeofcriminallaw.Contracts,personalliability,andmarriageanddivorcearewithinthescopeofcivillaw.
(1)【答案】
关于—个社会中团体或个人所遵循的行为规范中有哪些构成法律,法理学家们通过三种方式进行了定义。
此句中what引导主语从句;
bywhich引导的定语从句修饰behavioralcodes;
amongthebehavioralcodesbywhich…这个比较复杂的介词短语修饰What,正常语序应该是Whatamongthebehavioralcodeswhichconstituteslawhasbeendefined...,但因为作为主语的中心词与谓语动词相隔太远,故后置。
liveby“以…为生,按…规律生活”,这里引申为“遵循,遵守”;
behavioralcodes指“行为规范”。
另外,由于英汉句子机构的差异,句中的被动语态转译成汉语常用的主动语态,由行为的执行者作主语。
(2)【答案】
另外一些法理学家的观点与此相对,他们认为法律就是源于普遍道德规则在国家或其他政治共同体中运用,而这些普遍道德规则相应地根植于天启教、理性或某种公共道德意识之中。
本句采用了倒装句式,主语是thosewho…,ontheotherside是表语;
who引导定语从句修饰those,在这个定语从句中thatlawistheapplication…是一个宾语从句,作谓语动词say的宾语;
第二个that从句作定语修饰rules,而rootedinturnin…是过去分词短语作定语,修饰universalprinciplesofmorality。
另外,application和rules被withinastateoranyothercommunity隔开,真正的逻辑关系应该是applicationofrules。
短语bederivedfrom….“源自于…”;
inturn“依次,相应地”;
revealedreligion指“天启教”。
ethicalcommunalsensibility译为“公共道德意识”。
(3)【答案】
他认为存在着“公认的规则”,遵守这些规则的义务是由“社会压力”和习惯性的社会行为促成的,而不是由国家的命令和惩罚促成的。
句中that从句作argued的宾语,which引导的定语从句修饰rulesofrecognition。
broughtabout本意是“引起,达成”,这里引申为“形成”;
rulesofrecognition“公认的规则”;
ratherthan“而不是…”。
(4)【答案】
哈特是真正在两种权威的法理学观点之间确立了一种中间立场,还是只不过找到了一种将法律与道德规范在语言学分析和实用主义理论的基础上联系起来的(也许更微妙,也许更让人困惑的)新方法,仍然没有定论。
Whether…or…引导的是主语从句,译为“是…,还是…”。
谓语和宾语是remainsamatterofdispute。
Associating…with…“将…与…联系起来”;
context“环境,背景”。
(5)【答案】
第二种类型是民法,用来调整个人、家庭和公司之间的涉及犯罪行为以外的关系,为财产和其他形式的财富的积累和分配提供国家强制的方法。
本句的主句为therebe句型,后面which引导非限定性定语从句,修饰civillaw。
分词短语involving。
作定语修饰relationships。
短语otherthan表示“除了”;
criminalactivities指“犯罪行为”;
state-enforced指“国家强制的”。
◆科普知识类
TEST3
(1)Thehierarchyofneedsisanideaassociatedwithoneman,AbrahamMaslow,themostinfluentialhumanistevertohaveworkedinindustry.Itisatheoryaboutthewayinwhichpeoplearemotivated.
(2)Thetheoryaroseoutofasensethatclassiceconomicswasnotgivingmanagersmuchhelpbecauseitfailedtotakeintoaccountthecomplexityofhumanmotivation.Maslowdividedneedsintofive:
·
Physiologicalneeds:
hunger,thirst,sexandsleep.Foodanddrinksmanufacturersoperatetosatisfyneedsinthisarea,asdoprostitutesandtobaccogrowers.
Safetyneeds:
jobsecurity,protectionfromharmandtheavoidanceofrisk.Atthislevelanindividual’sthoughtsturntoinsurance,burglaralarmsandsavingsdeposits.
Socialneeds:
theaffectionoffamilyandfriendship.Thesearesatisfiedbysuchthingsasweddings,sophisticatedrestaurantsandtelecommunications.
Esteemneeds(alsocalledegoneeds),dividedintointernalneeds,suchasself-respectandsenseofachievement,andexternalneeds,suchasstatusandrecognition.Industriesfocusedonthislevelincludethesportsindustryandactivityholidays.
Self-actualization,famouslydescribedbyMaslow:
“Amusicianmustmakemusic,anartistmustpaint,apoetmustwrite,ifheistobeultimatelyhappy.Whatamancanbe,hemustbe.Thisneedwemaycallself-actualization.”Self-actualizationisdifferentfromtheotherlevelsofneedinatleastoneimportantrespect:
itisneverfinished,neverfullysatisfied.(3)Itis,asShakespeareputit,“asifincreaseofappetitegrowsbywhatitfeedson”.
Anindividual’spositioninthehierarchyisconstantlyshiftingandanysingleactmaysatisfyneedsatdifferentlevels.Thushavingadrinkatabarwithafriendmaybesatisfyingbothathirstandaneedforfriendship(levelsoneandthree).Singleindustriescanbeaimedatsatisfyingneedsatdifferentlevels.Forexample,ahotelmayprovidefoodtosatisfylevelone,anearbyrestauranttosatisfylevelthree,andspecialweekendtoursofinterestingsitestosatisfylevelfive.
Thehierarchyisnotabsolute.Itisaffectedbythegeneralenvironmentinwhichtheindi
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