英美文学重要名词解释英汉解释综合整理版Word文档格式.docx
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英美文学重要名词解释英汉解释综合整理版Word文档格式.docx
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Romance罗曼史/骑士文学:
1)RomanceisapopularliteraryforminthemedievalEngland.2)Itsingsknightlyadventuresorotherheroicdeeds.3)Chivalry(suchasbravery,honor,generosity,loyaltyandkindnesstotheweakandpoor)isthespiritofromance.
Ballad(民谣):
1)Balladisastoryinpoeticformtobesungorrecited.2)Balladswerepasseddownfromgenerationtogeneration.3)RobinHoodisafamousballadsingingthegoodsofRobinHood.Coleridge’sTheRimeoftheAncientMarinerisa19thcenturyEnglishballad.
TheHeroicCouplet(英雄双韵体)
Heroiccoupletreferstotherhymedcoupletiniambicpentameter
Heroiccoupletsarelinesofiambicpentameterthatrhymeinpairs(aa,bb,cc).
TheHeroicCouplet:
1)ItmeansapairoflinesofatypeoncecommoninEnglishpoetry,inotherwords,itmeansiambicpentameterrhymedintwolines.2)Therhymeismasculine.3)UseoftheheroiccoupletwasfirstpioneeredbyGeoffreyChaucer.
Iambicpentameter:
Apoeticlineconsistingoffiveversefeet,witheachfootaniamb—thatis,anunstressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedsyllable.IambicpentameteristhemostcommonverselineinEnglishpoetry.
抑扬格五音步诗:
一行诗包含五个音步,每个音步都是抑扬格。
Sonnet(十四行诗)
Definition:
Asonnetisalyricpoemconsistingofasinglestanzaoffourteeniambicpentameterlines,restrictedtoadefiniterhymescheme.
Spenserianstanza:
Anine-linestanzawiththefollowingrhymescheme:
ababbabcc.Thefirsteightlinesarewritteniniambicpentameter.Theninthlineiswritteniniambichexameterandiscalledanalexandrine.
斯宾塞诗节:
斯宾塞诗节是有九行组成的诗节,其押韵形式通常为ababbabcc。
前八行通常是抑扬格五音步,第九行是抑扬格六音步,有称作亚历山大诗行。
Soliloquy:
Indrama,anextendedspeechdeliveredbyacharacteraloneonstage.Thecharacterrevealshisorherinnermostthoughtsandfeelingsdirectlytotheaudience,asifthinkingaloud.
独白:
独白是戏剧中一个人物单独做的台词,这个人物通过他或她直接跟观众说话来表白自己的心声,就好像是自己在大声的思考。
Renaissance
means
“rebirth”.
It
meant
the
reintroduction
into
Western
Europe
of
full
cultural
heritage
Greece
and
Rome.
The
essence
is
Humanism.
real
mainstream
English
Elizabethan
drama.
Metaphysicalpoetry玄学派诗歌:
ThepoetryofJohnDonneandother17thcenturypoetswhowroteinasimilarstyle.Metaphysicalpoetryischaracterizedbyverbalwitandexcess,ingeniousstructure,irregularmeter,colloquiallanguage,elaborateimagery,andadrawingtogetherofdissimilarideas.
玄学诗:
约翰•多恩的诗或17世纪其他诗人写的相同风格的诗。
玄学诗多使用巧智,结构精巧,韵律多变,语言口语化,意象奇特,把不同的事物进行并置。
Blankverse:
Versewritteninunrhymediambicpentameter.
Enlightenment:
Withtheadventofthe18thcentury,inEngland,asinotherEuropeancountries,theresprangintolifeapublicmovementknownastheEnlightenment.TheEnlightenmentonthewhole,wasanexpressionofstruggleofthethenprogressiveclassofbourgeoisagainstfeudalism.Thesocialinequality,stagnation,prejudicesandothersurvivalsoffeudalism.Theyattemptedtoplaceallbranchesofscienceattheserviceofmankindbyconnectingthemwiththeactualdeedsandrequirementsofthepeople.
启蒙主义:
启蒙主义是在18世纪在英国发生的。
总体上,启蒙主义是当时的资产阶级对封建主义,社会的不平等、死寂、偏见和其他的封建残余的一种反对。
通过将科学的各个分支与人民的日常生活和需要联系起来,启蒙主义者们努力将他们变成为人民大众服务的工具
Neo-classicism新古典主义ItisanEnglishtendencyintheEnlightenmentperiod
Narration(叙述)1)Likedescription,narrationisapartofconversationandwriting.Narrationisthemajortechniqueusedinexpositorywriting,suchasautobiography.2)Successfulnarrationmustgrowoutofgoodobservation,to-the-pointselectionandcleararrangementofdetailsinlogicalsequence,whichisusuallychronological.3)Narrationgivesanexactpictureofthingsastheyoccur.
CriticalRealism(批判现实主义)1)TheCriticalRealismofthe19thcenturyflourishedinthefortiesandinthebeginningoffifties.2)Therealistsfirstandforemostsetthemselvesthetaskofcriticizingcapitalistsocietyfromademocraticviewpointanddelineatedthecryingcontradictionsofbourgeoisreality.Buttheydidnotfindawaytoeradicatesocialevils.3)CharlsDickensisthemostimportantcriticalrealist.
Modernism:
Itwasacomplexanddiverseinternationalmovementinallthecreativeartsoriginatingabouttheendofthe19thcentury.Itprovidedthegreatestcreativerenaissanceofthe20thcentury.Itwasmadeupofmanyfacets,suchassymbolism,surrealism(超现实主义),cubism(立体主义),expressionism,futurism(未来主义),ect
Streamofconsciousness:
“Stream-of-Consciousness”or“interiormonologue”,isoneofthemodernliterarytechniques.Itisthestyleofwritingthatattemptstoimitatethenaturalflowofacharacter’sthoughts,feelings,reflections,memories,andmentalimagesasthecharacterexperiencesthem.Itwasfirstusedin1922bytheIrishnovelistJamesJoyce.Thosenovelsbrokethroughtheboundsoftimeandspace,anddepictedvividlyandskillfullytheunconsciousactivityofthemindfastchangingandflowingincessantly,particularlythehesitant,misted,distractedandillusorypsychologypeoplehadwhentheyfacedreality.ThemodernAmericanwriterWilliamFaulknersuccessfullyadvancedthistechnique.Inhisstories,actionandplotswerelessimportantthanthereactionsandinnermusingsofthenarrators.Timesequenceswereoftendislocated.Thereaderfeelshimselftobeaparticipantinthestories,ratherthananobserver.Ahighdegreeofemotioncanbeachievedbythistechnique.
意识流:
“意识流”或“内心独白”是现代写作技巧之一。
它是像是人物亲身经历的那样来模仿人物思想、感觉、回忆、和头脑中意象来写作的一种手法。
爱尔兰作家詹姆斯•乔伊斯于1922年首次使用这种方法。
意识流小说打破了时间和空间的限制,生动地描写人物不断变化的潜意识活动,尤其是当人们面对现实时的犹豫和充满困惑、幻觉和心不在焉的那种心理。
美国作家福克纳对这种技巧做了进一步的发展,在他的故事中,行为和情节相比叙述者的反应和内心活动已经不那么重要了,时间顺序被打破,读者仿佛置身于故事中而不仅仅是一个观察者。
AmericanPuritanism:
PuritanismisthepracticesandbeliefsofthePuritans.ThePuritanswereoriginallymembersofadivisionoftheProtestantChurch.ThefirstsettlerswhobecamethefoundingfathersoftheAmericannationwerequiteafewofthem.Theywereagroupofserious,religiouspeople,advocatinghighlyreligiousandmoralprinciples.Astheworditselfhints,Puritanswantedtopuritytheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices.Theyacceptedthedoctrineofpredestination,originalsinandtotaldepravity,andlimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgraceformGod.Asacultureheritage,PuritanismdidhaveaprofoundinfluenceontheearlyAmericanmind.AmericanPuritanismalsohadanenduringinfluenceonAmericanliterature.
Symbolism:
Symbolismisthewritingtechniqueofusingsymbols.It’saliterarymovementthataroseinFranceinthelasthalfofthe19thcenturyandthatgreatlyinfluencedmanyEnglishwriters,particularlypoets,ofthe20thcentury.Itenablespoetstocompressaverycomplexideaorsetofideasintooneimageorevenoneword.It’soneofthemostpowerfuldevicesthatpoetsemployincreation.
象征主义:
使用象征来写作的一种技巧。
象征主义在19世纪后半页在法国兴起,对英国作家产生了很大的影响,尤其是在20世纪诗歌方面。
它让诗人把非常复杂的思想浓缩成一个意象甚至一个词。
它是诗人在创作中使用的最有力的手段。
AmericanRomanticism:
TheRomanticPeriodcoversthefirsthalfofthe19thcentury.ArisingAmericawithitsidealsofdemocracyandequality,itsindustrialization,itswestwardexpansion,andavarietyofforeigninfluenceswereamongtheimportantfactorswhichmadeliteraryexpansionandexpressionnotonlypossiblebutalsoinevitableintheperiodimmediatelyfollowingthenation’spoliticalindependence.Yet,romanticsfrequentlysharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics:
moralenthusiasm,faithinvalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthatthenaturalworldwasasourceofgoodnessandman’ssocietiesasourceofcorruption.RomanticvalueswereprominentinAmericanpolitics,art,andphilosophyuntiltheCivilWar.Theromanticexaltationoftheindividualsuitedthenation’srevolutionaryheritageanditsfrontieregalitarianism.
AmericanTranscendentalism:
TranscendentaliststerrorsfromtheromanticliteratureofEurope.TheyspokeforculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericagogopirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheUniverse.Theystressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.Tothem,theindividualwasthemostimportantelementofsociety.TheyofferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.Naturewas,tothem,alive,filledwithGod’soverwhelmingpresence.Transcendentalismisbasedonthebeliefthatthemostfundamentaltruthsaboutlifeanddeathcanbereachedonlybygoingbeyondtheworldofthesenses.Emerson’sNaturehasbeencalledthe“ManifestoofAmericanTranscendentalism”andhisTheAmericanScholarhasbeenrightlyregardedasAmerica’s“DeclarationofIntellectualIndependence”.
freeverse:
:
poetrywithoutafixedbeatorregularrhymeschemeorlinelengthanddependsonnaturalspeechrhythms,theebbandfloworcadencesofspeech,andthecounterpointofstressedandunstressedsyllables.
PsychologicalRealism:
Itistherealisticwritingthatprobesdeeplyintothecomplexitiesofcharacters’thoughtsandmotivations.HenryJamesisconsideredthefounderofpsychologicalrealism.HisnovelTheAmbassadorsisconsideredtobeamasterpieceofpsychologicalrealism.
AmericanRealism:
inAmericanliterature,the
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