双语教学中的生物化学词汇Word文档格式.docx
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双语教学中的生物化学词汇Word文档格式.docx
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Theamountofenergy(injoules)requiredtoconvertallthemoleculesin1moleofareactingsubstancefromthegroundstatetothetransitionstate.
Activator:
(活化物、激活剂)
(1)ADNA-bindingproteinthatpositivelyregulatestheexpressionofoneormoregenes;
thatis,transcriptionratesincreasewhenanactivatorisboundtotheDNA.
(2)Apositivemodulatorofanallostericenzyme.
Activesite:
(活性部位)Theregionofanenzymesurfacethatbindsthesubstratemoleculeandcatalyticallytransformsit;
alsoknownasthecatalyticsite.
Activetransport:
(主动运输)Energy-requiringtransportofasoluteacrossamembraneinthedirectionofincreasingconcentration.
Activity:
(活度)Thetruethermodynamicactivityorpotentialofasubstance,asdistinctfromitsmolarconcentration.
Activitycoefficient:
(活度系数)Thefactorbywhichthenumericalvalueoftheconcentrationofasolutemustbemultipliedtogiveitstruethermodynamicactivity.
Adenosine3'
5'
-cyclicmonophosphate:
SeecyclicAMP.
Adenosinediphosphate:
SeeADP.
Adenosinetriphosphate:
SeeATP.
Adipocyte:
(脂肪细胞)Ananimalcellspecializedforthestorageoffats(triacylglycerols).
Adiposetissue:
(脂肪组织)Connectivetissuespecializedforthestorageoflargeamountsoftriacylglycerols.
ADP(adenosinediphosphate):
Aribonucleosidediphosphateservingasphosphategroupacceptorinthecellenergycycle.
Aerobe:
(需氧生物)Anorganismthatlivesinairandusesoxygenastheterminalelectronacceptorinrespiration.
Aerobic:
Requiringoroccurringinthepresenceofoxygen.
Alcoholfermentation:
(乙醇发酵)Theanaerobicconversionofglucosetoethanolviaglycolysis.Seealsofermentation.
Aldose:
(醛糖)Asimplesugarinwhichthecarbonylcarbonatomisanaldehyde;
thatis,thecarbonylcarbonisatoneendofthecarbonchain.
Alkalosis:
(碱中毒)Ametabolicconditioninwhichthecapacityofthebodytobufferisdiminished;
usuallyaccompaniedbyanincreaseinbloodpH.
Allostericenzyme:
(变/别构效应)Aregulatoryenzyme,withcatalyticactivitymodulatedbythenoncovalentbindingofaspecificmetaboliteatasiteotherthantheactivesite.
Allostericprotein:
(变/别构蛋白)Aprotein(generallywithmultiplesubunits)withmultipleligand-bindingsites,suchthatligandbindingatonesiteaffectsligandbindingatanother.
Allostericsite:
(变/别构部位)Thespecificsiteonthesurfaceofanallostericenzymemoleculetowhichthemodulatororeffectormoleculeisbound.
αhelix:
(α-螺旋)Ahelicalconformationofapolypeptidechain,usuallyright-handed,withmaximalintrachainhydrogenbonding;
oneofthemostcommonsecondarystructuresinproteins.
Amestest:
Asimplebacterialtestforcarcinogens,basedontheassumptionthatcarcinogensaremutagens.
Aminoacidactivation:
(氨基酸活化)ATP-dependentenzymaticesterificationofthecarboxylgroupofanaminoacidtothe3'
-hydroxylgroupofitscorrespondingtRNA.
Aminoacids:
(氨基酸)anAmino-substitutedcarboxylicacids,thebuildingblocksofproteins.
Amino-terminalresidue:
(氨基末端残基)Theonlyaminoacidresidueinapolypeptidechainwithafreea-aminogroup;
definestheaminoterminusofthepolypeptide.
Aminoacyl-tRNA:
(氨酰tRNA)AnaminoacylesterofatRNA.
Aminoacyl-tRNAsynthetases:
(氨酰tRNA合成酶)Enzymesthatcatalyzesynthesisofanaminoacyl-tRNAattheexpenseofATPenergy.
Aminotransferases:
(氨基转移酶)Enzymesthatcatalyzethetransferofaminogroupsfromα-aminotoα-ketoacids;
alsocalledtransaminases.
Ammonotelic:
(排氨的)Excretingexcessnitrogenintheformofammonia.
Amphibolicpathway:
(双向代谢途径)Ametabolicpathwayusedinbothcatabolismandanabolism.
Amphipathic:
(双亲的)Containingbothpolarandnonpolardomains.
Ampholyte:
(两性电解质)Asubstancethatcanactaseitherabaseoranacid.
Amphoteric:
(两性的)Capableofdonatingandacceptingprotons,thusabletoserveasanacidorabase.
Anabolisim:
(合成代谢)Thephaseofintermediarymetabolismconcernedwiththeenergy-requiringbiosynthesisofcellcomponentsfromsmallerprecursors.
Anaerobe:
(厌氧生物)Anorganismthatliveswithoutoxygen.Obligateanaerobes(专性厌氧生物)diewhenexposedtooxygen.
Anaerobic:
(厌氧的)Occurringintheabsenceofairoroxygen.
Anapleroticreaction:
(回补反应)Anenzyme-catalyzedreactionthatcanreplenishthesupplyofintermediatesinthecitricacidcycle.
Angstrom(Ǻ):
(唉)Aunitoflength(10-8cm)usedtoindicatemoleculardimensions.
Anhydride:
(酸酐)Theproduct,ofthecondensationoftwocarboxylorphosphategroupsinwhichtheelementsofwaterareeliminatedtoformacompoundwiththegeneralstructureR—X—0—X—R,whereXiseithercarbonorphosphorus.
Anion-exchangeresin:
(阴离子交换树脂)Apolymericresinwithfixedcationicgroups;
usedinthechromatographicseparationofanions.
Anomers:
(异头物、端基异构体)Twostereoisomersofagivensugarthatdifferonlyintheconfigurationaboutthecarbonyl(anomeric)carbonatom.
Antibiotic:
(抗生素)Oneofmanydifferentorganiccompoundsthatareformedandsecretedbyvariousspeciesofmicroorganismsandplants,aretoxictootherspecies,andpresumablyhaveadefensivefunction.
Antibody:
(抗体)Adefenseproteinsynthesizedbytheimmunesystemofvertebrates.Seealsoimmunoglobulin.
Anticodon:
(反密码子)AspecificsequenceofthreenucleotidesinatRNA,complementarytoacodonforanaminoacidinanmRNA.
Antigen:
(抗原)Amoleculecapableofelicitingthesynthesisofaspecificantibodyinvertebrates.
Antiparallel:
(反平行)Describingtwolinearpolymersthatareoppositeinpolarityororientation.
Antiport:
(反向转运)Cotransportoftwosolutesacrossamembraneinoppositedirections.
Apoenzyme:
(酶蛋白)Theproteinportionofanenzyme,exclusiveofanyorganicorinorganiccofactorsorprostheticgroupsthatmightberequiredforcatalyticactivity.
Apolipoprotein:
(脱辅基脂蛋白)Theproteincomponentofalipoprotein.
Apoprotein:
(脱辅基蛋白)Theproteinportionofaprotein,exclusiveofanyorganicorinorganiccofactorsorprostheticgroupsthatmightberequiredforactivity.
Apoptosis:
(细胞凋亡)(app'
-a-toe'
-sis)Programmedcelldeath,inwhichacellbringsaboutitsowndeathandlysis,signaledfromoutsideorprogrammedinitsgenes,bysystematicallydegradingitsownmacromolecules.
Arrestin:
(抑制蛋白)Afamilyofproteinsthatbindtothephosphorylatedcarboxyl-terminalregionofserpentinereceptors,preventingtheirinteractionswithGproteinsandtherebyterminatingthesignalthroughthosereceptors.
Asymmetriccarbonatom:
(不对称碳原子)Acarbonatomthatiscovalentlybondedtofourdifferentgroupsandthusmayexistintwodifferenttetrahedralconfigurations.
ATP(adenosinetriphosphate):
Aribonucleoside5'
-triphosphatefunctioningasaphosphategroupdonorinthecellenergycycle;
carrieschemicalenergybetweenmetabolicpathwaysbyservingasasharedintermediatecouplingendergonicandexergonicreactions.
ATPsynthase:
(ATP合酶)AnenzymecomplexthatformsATPfromADPandphosphateduringoxidativephosphorylationintheinnermitochondrialmembraneorthebacterialplasmamembrane,andduringphotophosphorylationinchloroplasts.
ATPase:
(ATP酶)AnenzymethathydrolyzesATPtoyieldADPandphosphate;
usuallycoupledtosomeprocessrequiringenergy.
Attenuator:
(弱化子)AnRNAsequenceinvolvedinregulatingtheexpressionofcertaingenes;
functionsasatranscriptionterminator.
Autotroph:
(自养生物)Anorganismthatcansynthesizeitsowncomplexmoleculesfromverysimplecarbonandnitrogensources,suchascarbondioxideandammonia.
Auxin:
(植物生长素)Aplantgrowthhormone.
Auxotrophicmutant(auxotroph):
(营养缺陷突变体)Amutantorganismdefectiveinthesynthesisofagivenbiomolecule,whichmustthereforebesuppliedfortheorganism'
sgrowth.
Avogadro'
snumber:
Thenumberofmoleculesinagrammolecularweight(amole)ofanycompound(6.02×
1023).
B
Back-mutation:
(回复突变)Amutationthatcausesamutantgenetoregainitswild-typebasesequence.
Bacteriophage(phage):
(噬菌体)Aviruscapableofreplicatinginabacterialcell.
Basalmetabolicrate:
(基础代谢率)Therateofoxygenconsumptionbyananimal'
sbodyatcompleterest,longafterameal.
Basepair:
(碱基对)Twonucleotidesinnucleicacidchainsthatarepairedbyhydrogenbondingoftheirbases;
forexample,AwithTorU,andGwithC.
βconformation:
(β构象)、Anextended,zigzagarrangementofapolypeptidechain;
acommonsecondarystructureinproteins.
βoxidation:
(β氧化)Oxidativedegradationoffattyacidsintoacetyl-CoAbysuccessiveoxidationsattheβ-carbonatom.
β-turn:
(β转角)Atypeofsecondarystructureinpolypeptidesconsistingoffouraminoacidresiduesarrangedinatightturnsothatthepolypeptideturnsbackonitself.
Bilayer:
(双分子层)Adoublelayeroforientedamphipathiclipidmolecules,formingthebasicstructureofbiologicalmembranes.Thehydrocarbontailsfaceinwardtoformacontinuousnonpolarphase.
Bilesalts:
(胆酸盐)Amphipathicsteroidderivativeswithdetergentproperties,participatingindigestionandabsorptionoflipids.
Binding
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