管理信息系统复习资料docWord格式文档下载.docx
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Information:
Byinformationwemeandatathathavebeenshapedintoaformthatismeaningfulandusefultohumanbeings.?
Data:
Dataarestreamsofrawfactsrepresentingeventsoccurringinorganizationsorthephysicalenvironmentbeforetheyhavebeenorganizedandarrangedintoaformthatpeoplecanunderstandanduse.
Whatarethedimensionsofinformationsystem?
Organizations,people,informationtechnology
Chapter2Whatarethecharacteristicsoftransactionprocessingsystems?
Whatroledotheyplayinabusiness?
Transactionprocessingsystems(TPS)arecomputerizedsystemsthatperformandrecorddailyroutinetransactionsnecessaryinconductingbusiness;
theyservetheorganization’soperationallevel.Theprincipalpurposeofsystemsatthislevelistoanswerroutinequestionsandtotracktheflowoftransactionsthroughtheorganization.?
Attheoperationallevel,tasks,resources,andgoalsarepredefinedandhighlystructured.?
ManagersneedTPStomonitorthestatusofinternaloperationsandthefirm’srelationshipwithitsexternalenvironment.?
TPSaremajorproducersofinformationforothertypesofsystems.?
TransactionprocessingsystemsareoftensocentraltoabusinessthatTPSfailureforafewhourscanleadtoafirm’sdemiseandperhapsthatofotherfirmslinkedtoit.
WhatarethecharacteristicsofMIS?
HowdoMISdifferfromTPS?
FromDSS?
Middlemanagementneedssystemstohelpwithmonitoring,controlling,decisionmaking,andadministrativeactivities.?
MISprovidemiddlemanagerswithreportsontheorganization’scurrentperformance.Thisinformationisusedtomonitorandcontrolthebusinessandpredictfutureperformance.
MISsummarizeandreportthecompany’sbasicoperationsusingdatasuppliedbyTPSs.ThebasictransactiondatafromTPSarecompressedandusuallypresentedinreportsthatareproducedonaregularschedule.?
MISservemanagersprimarilyinterestedinweekly,monthly,andyearlyresults,althoughsomeMISenablemanagerstodrilldowntoseedailyorhourlydataifrequired.?
MISgenerallyprovideanswerstoroutinequestionsthathavebeenspecifiedinadvanceandhaveapredefinedprocedureforansweringthem.?
MISsystemsgenerallyarenotflexibleandhavelittleanalyticalcapability.?
MostMISusesimpleroutines,suchassummariesandcomparisons,asopposedtosophisticatedmathematicalmodelsorstatisticaltechniques.MISdiffersfromTPSinthatMISdealswithsummarizedandcompresseddatafromtheTPS.WhileMIShaveaninternalorientation,DSSwilloftenusedatafromexternalsources,aswellasdatafromTPSandMIS.DSSsupports“what-if”analysesratherthanalong-termstructuredanalysisofMIS.MISaregenerallynotflexibleandprovidelittleanalyticalcapabilities.Incontrast,DSSaredesignedforanalyticalpurposesandareflexible.
WhatarethecharacteristicsofDSS?
HowdotheydifferfromthoseofESS?
Decision-supportsystems(DSS)supportnonroutinedecisionmakingformiddlemanagers.?
DSSprovidesophisticatedanalyticalmodelsanddataanalysistoolstosupportsemi-structuredandunstructureddecision-makingactivities.?
DSSusedatafromTPS,MIS,andexternalsources,incondensedform,allowingdecisionmakerstoperform“what-if”analysis.?
DSSfocusonproblemsthatareuniqueandrapidlychanging;
proceduresforarrivingatasolutionmaynotbefullypredefined.?
DSSaredesignedsothatuserscanworkwiththemdirectly;
thesesystemsincludeinteractive,user-friendlysoftware.Executivesupportsystemshelpseniormanagersaddressstrategicissuesandlong-termtrends,bothinthefirmandintheexternalenvironment.?
ESSaddressnonroutinedecisionsrequiringjudgment,evaluation,andinsightbecausethereisnoagreed-onprocedureforarrivingatasolution.?
ESSprovideageneralizedcomputingandcommunicationscapacitythatcanbeappliedtoachangingarrayofproblems.?
ESSaredesignedtoincorporatedataaboutexternalevents,suchasnewtaxlawsorcompetitors,buttheyalsodrawsummarizedinformationfrominformationfrominternalMISandDSS.?
ESSaredesignedforease-of-useandrelyheavilyongraphicalpresentationsofdata.
DescribetherelationshipsbetweenTPS,MIS,DSSandESS.
Ideally,allfoursystemsusethesamebasicdata.TPSareamajorsourceofinternaldataforothersystems,especiallyMISandDSS.InternaldatafromTPSandMIScombinewithexternaldatatoprovideasourceofanalysisforDSSandESS.Allfoursystemsaredesignedtogivemanagersofallorganizationallevelsandcomplete,consolidatedviewofthefirm.
Chapter3Describethefourdifferentkindsofcompetitiveadvantageforbusiness.①Barrierstoentrythatrestrictsupply②Demandcontrol(switchingcostreferstocostofswitchingfromoneproducttoacompetingproduct)③Economiesofscale④Processefficiency(createcostadvantage)Chapter4Whatisinformationtechnology(IT)infrastructure?
Listanddescribeeachofitscomponents.①ComputerHardwareComputerharderconsistoftechnologyforcomputerprocessing,datastorage,inputandoutput.②ComputerSoftwareItincludesbothsystemsoftwareandapplicationsoftware.Systemsoftwaremanagestheresourcesandactivitiesofthecomputer.Applicationsoftwareappliesthecomputertoaspecifictaskforanenduser.③DataManagementTechnology(Software)Datamanagementsoftwareorganizes,manages,andprocessesbusinessdataconcernedwithinventory,customers,andvendors.④NetworkingandTelecommunicationsTechnologyNetworkingandtelecommunicationstechnologyprovidesdata,voice,andvideoconnectivitytoemployers,customers,andsuppliers.⑤TechnologyServicesRunandmanageinfrastructureandtrainusers.
Listanddescribesthevarioustypesofcomputersavailabletobusinesstoday.
Personalcomputer(PC)——microcomputer;
Workstation;
Server——midrangecomputer,minicomputer;
Mainframe;
Supercomputer.Whatistheclient/servermodelofcomputing?
Describethedifferencebetweenatwo-tieredandN-tierclient/serverarchitecture.1)Client/serverisacomputationalarchitecturethatinvolvesclientprocessesrequestingservicefromserverprocesses.Inclient/servercomputing,computerprocessingissplitbetweenclientmachinesandservermachineslinkedbyanetwork.2)IntheN-tierclient/serverarchitecture,theworkoftheentirenetworkisbalancedoverseveraldifferentlevelsofservers,dependingonthekindofservicebeingrequest.WhatisTCO?
Thetotalcostofownership(TCO)modelcanbeusedtoanalyzethesedirectandindirectcosts(hardwareacquisition,softwareacquisition,installation,training,support,maintenance,infrastructure,downtime,spaceandenergy)tohelp
determinetheactualcostofowningaspecifictechnology.Whatiscloudcomputing?
Cloudcomputingisamodelforenablingconvenient,on-demandnetworkaccesstoasharedpoolofconfiguredcomputingresourcesthatcanberapidlyprovisionedandreleasedwithminimalmanagementeffortorserviceproviderinteraction.Chapter5Whatisarelationaldatabase?
Howdoesitorganizeandstoreinformation?
Therelationaldatabaseisthemostcommontypeofdatabasetoday.Relationaldatabaseorganizedataintotwo-dimensionaltableswithcolumnsandrows.Eachtablecontainsdataonanentityanditsattributes.Eachindividualelementofdataaboutasupplierisstoredasaseparatefieldwithinthesuppliertable.Theactualinformationaboutasinglesupplierthatresidesinatableiscalledarow.Rowsarecommonlyreferredtoasrecords,or,inverytechnicalterms,astuples.Onesuppliercouldsupplymorethanonepart,thetablewouldneedmanyextrarowsforasinglesuppliertoshowallthepartsthatsupplierprovided.Wewouldbemaintainingagreatdealofdataaboutsuppliers,anditwouldbedifficulttosearchfortheinformationonanyindividualpartbecauseyouwouldnotknowwhetherthispartisthefirstoffiftiethpartinthissupplier’srecord.Whatisadatawarehouse?
Whatproblemsdoesitsolveforabusiness?
Adatawarehouseisadatabasethatstorescurrentandhistoricaldataofpotentialinteresttodecisionmakersthroughoutthecompany.Thedatawarehouseconsolidatesandstandardizesinformationfromdifferentoperationaldatabasesothattheinformationcanbeusedacrosstheenterpriseformanagementanalysisanddecisionmaking.Chapter6WhatisTCP/IP?
TCP/IP(TransmissionControlProtocol/InternetProtocol)isacommunicationsstandardsforlinkingdisparatenetworksandcomputers.Nameanddescribetheprincipalnetworktopologies.①Starnetwork—consistofacentralhostcomputerconnectedtoanumberofsmallercomputersorterminal②Busnetwork—linksanumberofcomputersbysinglecircuitmadeoftwistedwire,coaxialcable,orfiberopticcable③Ringnetwork—doesnotrelyonacentralhostcomputerandwillnotnecessarilybreakdownifoneofthecomponentcomputersmalfunctionDefinethefollowings:
WAN,MAN,3G,modem,protocol,opticalnetwork,bandwidth,andInternet2.
WANWide-areanetworks(WANs)spanbroadgeographicaldistances-entireregions,states,continents,
orglobal.MANMetropolitan-areanetwork(MAN)isanetworkthatspansametropolitanarea,usuallyacityan
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