15篇文章贯通四级英语词汇 4Word格式.docx
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15篇文章贯通四级英语词汇 4Word格式.docx
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女孩子日记本
中国十大杰出母亲的育儿经
精吕频道
YipSang,aChinese-Canadian
TheBritishandChinesesignedtheTreatyofNankingin1842,eachprovidingtheirrespectivesubjectswiththerighttobenefitfromfullsecurityandprotectionfortheirpersonsandpropertywithineachother’sboundaries.EventhoughChinadidnoopenlyallowemigration(移居),in1860alawwaspassedwhichstatedthatChineseseekingtoworkintheBritishColoniesorotherplaceswereatlibertytodoso.TheyhadonlytoshipthemselvesandtheirfamiliesonboardanyBritishvesselatanyoftheopenportsinChina.In1868,anothertreaty,thisonewiththeUnitedStates,gavetheChinesetherighttochangetheirhomeandloyaltyfromonecountrytoanotherforthepurposesofcuriosity,oftrade,oraspermanentresidents,therebyopeningthegatesforemigrationfromChina.
ThegoldboominBritishColumbiainthe1850’swasthebeginningofChineseimmigrationfromtheU.S.intoCanada.ManyoftheseearlyimmigrantsfromFujianandGuangdongprovincestoSanFrancisco.WhentheyheardofthegolddiscoveriesinBritishColumbia,manycrossedtheborderintoCanadabymovingoverlandthroughOregonorarrivingbyseainVictoria.Whenthegolddepositsweredepleted(用尽,枯竭),theseearlysettlerstayed,movingintooccupationslikegardening,farming,domesticservice,roadconstruction,andrailwaybuilding.By1871,thesewereapproximately3,000Chineseinhabitantsintheprovince,only53ofwhombeingwomen.
SinceChineseworkerswereknowtobeconscientiousandreliable,severalcompaniesactivelyrecruitedthem.Asaresult,itwasestimatedthat10,000workersarrivedbetween1882and1884.InanefforttorestricttheentryofChineseimmigrants,anactwaspassedintheCanadianParliamentconfiningtheproportiontoonepersonforevery50tonsofvesseltonnage(船舶的吨数).Aheadtaxwasalsoimposed.RecordsofthosewhopaidtheheadtaxarestillavailableforviewingintheNationalArchivesofCanada.
AnarticleintheIllustratedLondonNewsinJanuary1875gavesomeinsightintotheemigrationprocessoftheChinesebyconveyingtheideasofchangestheymightundergo.Theauthorthoughtthemodifications(修改,改造)wouldbeslightandprincipallyexternal.Hebelievedthat,inanattempttoblendin,theChinesewouldadoptAmericanlanguage,culture,anddress.However,becausetheChinesebroughtwiththemastrongsenseoftheirownidentity,itwasn’tnecessaryforthemtocultivateaNorthAmericanwayoflife,nordidtheyfeelanobligationtoabandontheirtraditions.Muchofthearticlewouldbeconsideredinsultingbytoday’sstandards.
IntheUnitedStates,thereweretwoopposingpointsofview.Ononesideofthecoin,theChinesewereseenasaninexpensivemeansofprovidingthemanuallabornecessarytodeveloptheassetsofthecountry,mostofteninhazardousoccupations.Ontheotherside,therewerethosewhobrandedthemasthe“curse”ofthenation.SomeAmericansapplaudedtheChinesebutotherscondemnedthemasevil.Someweredisturbedbywhatmighthappenifalltheimmigrantsdecidedtostay.Theirdistresswasunfoundedhowever,asmostChinesehadnointentionofstaying.TheirgreatestwishwastoaccumulateasmuchmoneyaspossibleandreturntoChina.
Guilds(行会,协会)weresetuptoprovidelodgingandemploymentfortheemigrants,forafeeofcourse.Thefeeensuredthattheworkerwouldbepaidadecentwageandthathisemployerwouldnotdeceivehim.Theaccumulatedfeesamountedtoalargesum,allowingtheGuildstohelpthosewhowereilloroutofwork.Theynotonlysawthattheworkerreceivedwhateverwasduetohim,theyalsomadehimpayallhisdebts.Theworkerwasn’tallowedtoreturntohisowncountrywithoutacertificatefromhisagentstatingheownednothing.
ManyChinesewereabletosaveaportionoftheirearningstotakewiththemtotheirfamilybackhome.Often,afterworkersreturnedtoChina,theywouldrevisitNorthAmericatoaccumulatemoremoney.BeforebeingallowedtoboardashipinChina,however,theyhadtoprovethattheyweregoingtotheirownfreewillandwereundernolaborcontract.Beforetheshipssetsail.Theauthoritieswouldvisittoguaranteethatallonboardhadtheirticketstampedandwerenotleavingthecountryagainsttheirwill.
YipSang,borninCanton(广州旧称)in1845,leftChinaattheageofnineteentoseekhisfortuneinAmerica.AfterarrivinginSanFranciscoin1864,heearnedalivingbyworkingfirstasadish-washer,thenasacook,andfinallyasacigarroller.Fromtheoutset,heperceivedthatifhewaspatientandcouldrepresentthebestofhisrace,hismeritswouldberecognized.
PossiblytheattractionofhighwagesrumoredtobeofferedbyCanadianrailroadcompaniesrousedYipSantoleaveSanFrancisco.HearrivedinVancouverin1881andworkedonthewesternportionoftheCanadianpacificRailroadfrom1882until1884,firstasabook-keeper,thenasatime-keeper,andfinallyasapaymaster(出纳员),beforebeingpromotedtoChinesesuperintendent(主管)forthesupplycompany.ThepromotionmadehimresponsibleforhiringoncontractandtransportingthousandsofmenfromChinatoworkontherailwaylineinBritishColumbia.Hesupervised(监督,管理)somesixtoseventhousandChineseworkersduringthepeakoftheconstruction.
In1885,hereturnedtoChinausingthemoneyhehadsavedfromhisCPRjob.Heremainedtherefrom1885until1888,whiletherehemarriedfourdifferentwives,aregularoccurrenceatthetimeforwealthyyoungmen.Heandhisfirstwife,LeeShe,hadasonandadaughter.LeeShebecamegravely(严重的)illaftertheirmarriageandurgedYipSangtotakeanotherwife,onewhocouldbeabletotakegoodcareoftheirchildren.WongShe,YipSang’ssecondwife,wasveryyoungwith“sensitive”eyes,butdidnotmeetwiththeapprovalofLeeShee.Sheinsistedheshouldmarrythirdtime,andthistimechoosesomeonemoresuitabletocareforthechildren.DongShe,wifenumberthree,wasmorematureandhadthecapacitytosupervisethehouseholdandthechildren.DongSheeconvincedYipSangtotakeafourthwife,ChinShe,whoseprimaryrolewastobeDongShe’scompanion.Withhisfourwives,YipSanghad23children,oneofwhombecamethefirstChineseCanadiandoctortoberecognizedinCanada.In1888,YipSangreturnedtoCanadawiththreewives——LeeShediedbeforetheyleft.
OnhisreturntoCanadaheundertookanewenterprise.Hebecameamerchant,openinganimport-exportbusinessintheheartofVancouver'
sChinatown.WingSangCompanyspecializedingoodsimportedfromChina.ThecompanyprovidedChineseCanadianswithmerchandise(商品)notreadilyavailableinVancouverandexportedCanadianfoodstuffs(食品)toChina.
Hisformulaofpouringasmuchmoneyashecouldaffordintobuildingandexpansioncouldn’thelpbutsucceed.In1889,YipSangboughtlandonPenderStreetinChinatownandbeganconstructionofacomplex,whichstillstandstoday.Initially(最初)beingatwo-storybuildingwithagroundfloorstorefrontandasecondfloorresidence,itwasprobablythefirstinChinatowntobebuiltofdurablebrick.Customersofthestorewalkedonwoodenplatformscoveringtheunpaveddirtstreetstoavoidtrackingthedustandmudintothebuilding.
Withthetoneofsuccess,YipSangaddedtohisbuilding.In1901,hewidenedthestreettoaccommodatethreemoreshops,eachwithasecondstoryabove.Healsoaddedathirdfloortotheoriginalbuildinginthesameyear.In1912,tohousebothhisgrowingfamilyandhisbusiness,hebuiltanewsix-storybrickbuildingbehindtheoldoneandconnectedtoitbyanarrowcorridoratgroundlevel,andbyanenclosedstairwayextensiononthethirdfloorthatstretchedabovethealleybetweenthetwobuildings.Mostofthenewbuildingwasusedtowarehousegoodsfortheimport/exportbusiness.
YipSang’sinvolvement(卷入)withshippingcompaniesandhisownbusinessdemonstratedhisunderstandingofthefreightindustryandhisabilitytoworkfluentlyinbothChineseandEnglishlanguages.In1889,theCPRrehiredYipSangtoactastheirChinesePassengerAgentfortheirCanadianSteamshipLine,apositionhehelduntilhisdeathin1927attheageof82.
Thedemandforsaltedherring(鲱鱼)inchina,inconjunctionwithhugecatchesbeingbroughtinbythefishingfleet,spurredYipSangtobuildafishpackingplantinNanaimo.ThesuccessofthisplantledtotheopeningofasecondplantonVancouverIslandsoonafterward.BothplantswerestaffedbylargenumbersofChineseworkersandhelpedestablishsizeable(相当大的)ChinesecommunityinNanaimo’sdowntowncore.
ConsistentwithYipSang’sdevotiontogrowthandimprovement,hepromotedandfostered(支持)education.NotonlydidhefoundtheOkKuoNightSchool,healsoservedasitsprincipalforovertenyears.Hischildrenwenttopublicschool,buttheyalsoreceivedschoolingathomefromtutorshiredfromHongKongtoteachthemChinese.YipSangtookgreatpleasureinquizzinghisoffspring(子女,后代)abouttheirlessons.Hisphilosophywasthatbymoderatingthechildren’sCanadianeducationwithfundamentalChinese,theequationwouldresultinwell-rounded,responsiblecitizens.
AsakeenadvocateofeducationinCanada,YipSangalsosponsorededucationabroadinChina.Theling-nanUniversityandToi-shanMiddleSchoolinhishometownofCantonwereestablishedwithhishelp.
Throughouthislife,hemaintainedanactiveroleinVancouver’sChinatown.Hewasoneofelevenmen,hiscontemporaries,whofoundedtheChineseBenevolent(慈善的)Association,onecompon
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