The Comparison of the Table Manners between Chinese and the WesternersWord文档格式.docx
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The Comparison of the Table Manners between Chinese and the WesternersWord文档格式.docx
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II.LiteratureReview………………………………………………………..2
III.BackgroundInformationaboutTableManners……………………...4
1.Culturalbackground…………………………………………….………4
2.Tablemannersbackground……………………………………....………4
IV.ChineseTableManners…………………………………………………5
1.Comprehendingtheetiquettes…………………….……………………..5
2.Handlingthetaboos………………………………….…………………6
V.WesternCountries’TableManners…………………...………………...7
1.People’sattitudetowardsWesterncountries’tablemanners……………….7
2.Knowingthetaboos……………………………………………………...8
VI.TheRelationshipbetweentheTwoKindsofTableManners………...8
1.Culturaldifferences………………………………………………...……8
2.Establishtherightattitude….………………………………………...….9
VII.ArousingandDevelopingInterest……………………………………9
1.Thereasonsofpeople’spassiveattitude…………………………………9
VIII.Conclusion……………………………………………………...…….10
References……………………………………………………………..….10
Abstract:
WiththeentranceofWTO,ChinawillholdtheOlympicGamesin2008,therelationshipbetweenChinaandWesterninpolitics,economy,culturewillbecomemoreandmoreclose.Itisundoubtedlythattheetiquettewillplayanimportantroleinthisprocess.Tothedefinitionofetiquette,ChinaandWesternhaveadifferentunderstandingaboutit.AsChinesethinksthattheetiquetteisthecommonbehaviorstandardsthatallthemembersmustobey,anditspurposeistokeepthenormallivingorderofthesociety.Tablemanners,apartoftheculture,playsanimportantroleintheprocessofcommunication.Inthisthesis,theauthorcomparesthesetwodifferentkindsoftablemannerstofindthesimilaritiesanddifferencestohelpthereaderstounderstandakindofnewculture.Therefore,beawareoftheimportanceoftablemannersisnotonlyforthepeoplewhoalwaysattendformalpartiesorhavefrequentcontactwiththeforeigners,butalsofortheentirenationsoastoimprovetheculturalawareness,andalsoimprovethecommunicativeeffectsoftablemanners.
keywords:
Culturalbackground;
Chinesetablemanners;
westerners’tablemanners;
differences
摘要:
随着中国加入世界贸易组织并即将在2008年举办奥运会,中西方国家在政治,经济,文化方面的关系变得越来越密切。
因此,礼仪就毫无疑问地在这个过程当中就扮演着一个非常重要的角色。
对于礼仪这一概念,中西方对它有不同的理解。
中国人认为礼仪是共同的行为规范,所有成员必须遵守,其目的是为了保持社会的正常生活秩序。
餐桌礼仪是文化的一部份,在沟通这个过程中也就起着重要作用。
在本文中,作者就这两种不同的餐桌礼仪进行了对比,其目的是找到她们的相似之处和不同之处来帮助读者了解这种全新的文化。
因此,了解餐桌礼仪不论对于经常是出席正式的宴会的人,还是和外国人频繁接触的人来说都是非常重要的。
它也有助于提高全民族的文化意识,并提高餐桌礼仪的交际影响。
关键词:
文化背景,中国餐桌礼仪,西方餐桌礼仪,差异
I.Introduction
Withthedevelopmentoftheworldandglobalization,Internationaltradebecamemoreandmorepopular.China,asadevelopingcountry,hasenhancedtheworldtradewiththeWesterncountries,whichcallsustoknowandfamiliarwiththedifferencesinculturebetweenChinaandtheWesterncountries.Itincludesphilosophy,religion,music,art,cooking,tablemanners,etc.Especiallythetablemanners,becausethemostfrequentcontactbetweendifferentcountriesmainlyfocusonthedailylife.Sotheimportanceofthetablemannersseemstobemorenoteworthiness.
ChinaisavastcountryanditisthereforenosurprisethattherearemanyregionalvariationsinChinesetablemannersandcuisine.Chinesecultureisquiteunique,notonlybecauseitisdifferentfromthatinwesterncountries,butalsofromsomeotherorientalcountries.Forexample,inJapan,SouthKorea,IndiaandThailand.Chinaisalonghistorycountry,whichbreedsitsownculturalsystem.Forinstance,philosophy,religion,music,art,cooking,tablemanners,etc.Allofthesearealldifferentfromthewesternones.It'
struethateverycountryhasitsownculture,whichhasdistinguishingfeatures.ThesespecialculturesmakeChinaattractiveandalsosomedifficultforthewesternerstounderstandit.Now,let'
sgoforthewesterncountries.Broadlyspeaking,theEnglishmanisaquiet,reservedpersonwhoisrelaxedonlyifthepeoplehe/sheknowswell.TheEnglishpeoplerequirehighqualityofdishes.Thecommunicationattableisdainty.Forinstance,whomdoyoutalkwith?
Whatdoyoutalkabout?
Theyalsogivetheirattentionstotheappearancewhenyouareeating.Therearemanythingsforustoknow.Theanalysisofthisdifferencecancallsmorepeopletopayattentiontothetrans-culture.Whenwearehandlingwithinternationalaffairsandtakingpartinformalparties,tablemannersismoreandmoreimportant.It'
snotonlysomethingwiththemannersbutalsotheculturewhichmakesaccount.Weshouldrespecttheothers'
culture,andspreadourowncustomstotheothercountries.
II.LiteratureReview
MostauthoritiesresearchedonthedifferencesofthetablemannersbetweenChinaandthewesterncountries,mainlyfocusonthesequenceofservingthedishes,howtobehaveattable,inotherwords,howtospeak,howtogreetwitheachothers,howtousethedishwareandnapkinandsoon.CraigClaiborneinvestigatedthistaskinAGuidetoTableMannersinanImperfectWorld.(1991,Newyork)AndfoundthatthemaindifferenceontheChinesedinnertableisthechopsticksinsteadofknifeandfork,butthat'
sonlysuperficial.Besides,indecentrestaurants,youcanalwaysaskforapairofknifeandfork,ifyoufindchopsticksnothelpfulenough.Therealdifferenceisthatinthewest,youhaveyourownplateoffood,whileinChinadishesareplacedonthetableandeveryshare.Thewesternconceptofaservice-orientedsocietycontrastssignificantlywiththeChineseconceptoftotalviewassubstandardserviceinhotelandrestaurantswhen,infact,nooffensehasbeenintended.Atthesametime,somemaybelievethatbackwardnessevidenteverywhereinChina(evenbehindthemodernfacade)canbeovercomebyapplyingwesternnotionofefficiencyandorganization,andtheyareoftenquitevocalinexpressingthesebeliefs,nowforgeonandexperiencetheculture.InthebookBritishSocietyandCulture(WuFei:
2001),thequalityofEnglishdishesisexcellent,andtherearesomanyforpeopletochoose.It'
struethatthedairyproductsaresofreshandthemeatisusuallysotender.ManytraditionalBritishdishesareasgoodasanythingyoucangetanywhere.InrecentyearstheBritishhavebecomemorecosmopolitanintheireatinghabits,andmanyfamiliesfrequentlysitdowntomealswhoseingredientsorrecipesmaycomefromIndia,china,orindeedanywhereintheworld.SomeauthoritiescarryforwardthetabooswheneatingwithaChinesehost,forexample,RoseV.White,hegavehisownopinionontheMealTimeEtiquette.Traditionallyspeaking,therearemanytaboosatChinesetables,butnowadayspeopledonotthinkitisnecessarytofollowtheserules.Thetraditionalcustomsortaboosshouldn'
tappearonlyiftheformalcircumstances.However,therearestillafewthingstokeepinmind,especiallyifpeopleareguestsataprivatehome.Forinstance,don'
tstickyourchopsticksuprightinthericebowl.Instead,laythemonthedish.Thereasonforthisisthatwhensomebodydies,theshrinetothemcontainsabowlofsandorricewithtwosticksofincensestuckuprightinit.Soifyoustickyourchopsticksinthericebowl,itlookslikethisisequivalenttowhishingdeathuponpersonatthetable!
Fortheteapot,youmustmakesurethattheaboutoftheteapotisnotfacinganyone.Itisimpolitetosettheteapotdownwherethespoutisfacingtowardssomebody.Thespoutshouldalwaysbedirectedtowherenobodyissitting,usuallyjustoutwardfromthetable.AndalmostalltheChinesepeopleknowthereason,butforthewesterners,maybetheywon'
tunderstanduntilhearingthereason.SowhenthewesternerscometoChina,theyshouldknowtheetiquettesatthetable.Forme,Iwillcomparethesetwokindsofdifferentetiquettesandfindthedifferencesandsimilarities,andIwilltrymybesttofindthereasonwhyChinesepeopleadorethewesterncultureandignoretheirowntraditionalcustom.Weshouldknowtheothers'
custombutweshouldcarryforwardourownculture.
III.BackgroundInformationaboutTableManners
1.Culturalbackground
Therearemorethanthreehundreddifferentdefinitionsaboutculturewhichcoversbroadareasasarts,music,literature,values,food,traditionalcustomsandreligionsandsoonsoforth.“Cultureisthedepositofknowledge,experience,beliefs,values,attitudes,meanings,hierarchies,religion,notionsoftime,roles,spatialrelations,conceptsoftheuniverse,andthematerialobjectsandpossessionsacquiredbyagroupofpeopleinthecourseofgenerationsthroughindividualandgroupstriving”(Samovar,L.A.Porter,etc.).
Onboardthevesselthemulti-nationalitycrewworkandlivein“anisolatedsmallfloatingcommunity”whereexistdifferentcultures.Itincludesthewaysofthinkinganddoingthings,suchimportantvaluesastime,senseofsafety,environmentalprotection,co-operation,workingattitudesandwaysofcommunicationwhicharecalledCulturewithcapitalizedCinCultureontheonhand.Ontheotherhandthereareculturesofsmallcinculturesuchasfoodsstyle,tablemanners,bodylanguage,etc.ForexampleaSpanishcaptainwillbeshockedwhenhespottedthedogmeatintheprovisionlistarrangedbyaChinesechiefcook.BecauseEuropeanstakedogastheclosefriendofhumanbeingsandevenapartofthefamilywhileforChinesedogisconnectedwithnegativepersonsorthings.ForexampleinChinesethereareoldsayingslike”liveadog’slife“(miserablelife);
”Adogwillleapoverawallindesperation”(despairgivescourageeventoacoward);
“heapofdog’sdroppings”(rubbish,worthnothing);
”doghouse”(shabbyand
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