法律英语沙丽金版阅读文本问题答案文档格式.docx

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andbyprohibitingconductdestructivetosociety.

4.Howcanlawbebestunderstood?

Lawisbestunderstoodbyviewingthelegalsystemasaprocess——ameansofpullingtogethersociety’sneedsandgoalsandtranslatingthemintoguidesforfairnessandreasonablenessinconduct.

5.WhataretheeventsthatpromotethedevelopmentoftheEnglishlegalsystem?

NormanConquest.Williamreplacedthelocalandhighlyvariedsystemsoflawwithamonsystemoflaw.

6.WhydidthepeopleinEnglandpetitiontotheKingandwhatwouldbetheresult?

Becauseoftheextremelyrigid,frequentlyoverlytechnicalproceduralrequirementsofthemon-lawsystem,peopleweresometimesunabletoobtainfairreliefinthecourts.Intime,somepersonswhofeltthattheformofreliefwasinadequatepetitionedtotheKingdirectly.

Thispracticegaverisetoasecondcourtsystem,calledtheCourtofChancery.

7.WhatwasthesituationofequitycourtsinNorthAmerica?

Americancourtsystemsinthenineteenthcenturyresultedinsimplificationofjudicialproceduresandeliminationofequitycourtsasseparatecourtsinmoststates.

8.WasthestatutesdevelopedfastinNorthAmerica?

Why?

9.Whatarethedisadvantagesofstatuesandtheadvantagesofthemonlawrules?

10.Whohasthepowertomaketheordinances?

Thelegislativebodyofamunicipalcorporation

LegalSystem

1.WhatistherelationshipbetweenthecivillawsystemandRomanLaw?

ThecivillawisbasedonRomanLaw.

2.WhoistheJustinianandwhatishiscontribution?

ByzantiumEmperor.pilingcodesaftertheenthronement

3.WhichistheprimarysourceoflawinEurope,RomanLaworlocallaws?

Localcustoms

4.Whywastheconceptofcodificationdevelopedinthe17thand18thcenturies?

AsanexpressionofbothNaturalLawandtheideasoftheEnlightenment.

5.Whatdidtheopponentsofcodificationthinkaboutcodificationoflaw?

Itsopponentsclaimedthatcodificationwouldresultintotheossificationoflaw.

6.Whatisthemainfeatureofmonlaw?

Itsinclusionofextensivenon-statutorylawreflectingprecedentderivedfromcenturiesofjudgmentsbyworkingjurists.

7.Whatisthedifferencebetweenstatutesandregulations?

Statuesareenactedbyalegislature,whileregulationsarepromulgatedbyexecutivebranchagenciespursuanttoadelegationofrule-makingauthorityfromalegislature.

8.Whereshouldpeoplegoiftheywantedtoapplyforinjunctionsbeforethe20thcentury?

Courtsofequity.Onlycourtsofequityhavetheauthoritytodoit.

9.Whatisthedifferencebetweentheselectionsofjudgesincivillawcountriesandthatinmonlawcountries?

Civillawjudgesareusuallytrainedandpromotedseparatelyfromadvocates,whereasmonlawjudgesareusuallyselectedfromacplishedandreputableadvocates.

10.Whatarethedifferencesinthecriminalproceduresofthetwomajorlegalsystems?

Ingeneral,thejudgeinacivillawsystemplaysamoreactiveroleindeterminingthefactsofthecase.Mostcivillawcountriesinvestigatemajorcrimesusingaso-calledinquisitorialsystem.Also,civillawsystemsrelymuchmoreonwrittenargumentthanoralargument.

CourtSystem

1.WhatisthemaincharacteristicofthecourtsystemoftheUnitedStates?

Courtsareoperatedinbothstateandfederalgovernments.

2.Arethereanyuniformrulesforcreatingstatecourts?

No.butithasageneralpattern.

3.Whatarethefunctionsoftheinferiorcourtsatthebottomofthestatejudicialhierarchy?

Tryingminorcivilcasesinvolvingsmallsumsofmoney,andminorcriminalcasesinvolvinglightpenaltiesandconducingpreliminaryhearingsinthemoreseriouscriminalcases.

4.Doallstateshavethesameterminologyforcourtsandjudges?

Pleasegiveexamples.

No.Forexamples,amanwhositsonthehighestcourtofNewJerseyiscalledajusticeofthesupremecourtofthatstate,whileamanwhoholdsanequivalentpositioninNewYorkiscalledajudgeofthecourtofappeals.

5.Whatarethedutiesofthejudgeswhositonappellatecourts?

Theydonotrialwork,beingoccupiedexclusivelyinhearingappeals.Theyreviewtheproceedingsoftrialcourtsuponthebasisofwrittenrecords.Theyhearoralargumentsandreadwrittenarguments,calledbriefs,inanefforttodiscoverwhethererrorsweremittedinthetrialcourtofsuchanatureastorequirereversalofthejudgmentoranewtrial.

6.HowmanytiersofcourtsarethereinthefederalcourtsystemintheU.S.?

Whatarethey?

Therearethreelevelsofcourts:

trial,intermediateappellateandtopappellate.

7.Doeseachstatehaveafederaltrialcourt?

Whatdecidesthenumberofthefederaltrialcourtineachstate?

EachstatehasatleastoneUnitedStatesdistrictcourt.

Thepopulationofthedistrict

8.Whattypesofcaseswillbetriedbyfederalcourts?

Prosecutionsforfederalcrimescivilclaimsbaseduponfederallaw

civilclaimsbetweencitizensofcivilactions.

9.Whichauthorityhasthepowertocreatefederalcircuitcourts?

Congress

10.DoestheSupremeCourtoftheU.S.reviewallthecasesappealed?

DosetheSupremeCourtoftheU.S.havethepowertoreviewallthedecisionsmadebythestatehighestcourts?

No.Yes.

Constitution

1.Whatareusuallyestablishedinaconstitution?

Aconstitutionestablishestherulesandprinciplesbywhichanorganization,orpoliticalentity,isgoverned.Inthecaseofcountries,thistermrefersspecificallytoanationalconstitution,whichdefinesthefundamentalpoliticalprinciplesandestablishesthepoweranddutiesofeachgovernment.

2.WhataretheexamplesthatshowthelimitationimposedbytheconstitutiontotheorganizationsintheUnitedStates?

Anexamplefromtheconstitutionallawofnation-stateswouldbeaprovincialgovernmentinafederalstatetryingtolegislateinanareaexclusivelyenumeratedtothefederalgovernmentintheconstitution.

3.WhataretherelationshipsregulatedbytheU.S.Constitution?

Therelationshipamonginstitutionsofthestate.Inabasicsensetherelationshipamongtheexecutive,legislativeandthejudiciary,butalsotherelationshipofinstitutionswithinthosebranches.

4.Howdoyoudescribeanuncodifiedconstitution?

Anuncodifiedconstitutionisonethatisnotcontainedinasingledocument,consistingofseveraldifferentsources,whichmaybewrittenorunwritten.

5.Whyisanunwrittenconstitutionnotanaccuratesynonymforuncodifiedconstitution?

Becauseallmoderndemocraticconstitutionsconsistofsomewrittensources,

6.Whatdothecodifiedanduncodifiedconstitutionsrespectivelyresultfrom?

Codifiedconstitutionsareusuallytheproductofdramaticpoliticalchange,suchasrevolution.Uncodifiedconstitutionsaretheproductofan“evolution〞oflawsandconventionsovercenturies.

7.Isiteasytoamendaconstitution?

Whyorwhynot?

No.anextraordinaryprocedureisrequiredforconstitutionalamendmentsinvolvesomeproceduresthatmakesobtainingaconstitutionalamendmentmoredifficultthanpassingasimplelaw.

8.Whathappensifthereareconflictsbetweentheconstitutionandastatuteinacountryusingcodifiedconstitution?

Allorpartofthestatuecanbedeclaredultraviresbyacourtandstruckdownasunconstitutional.

9.WhatarethesourcesofuncodifiedconstitutionofBritain?

Writtensources:

e.g.constitutionalstatuesenactedbytheParliamentandalsounwrittensources:

constitutionalconventions,observationofprecedents,royalprerogatives,customsandtraditions.

10.Arethereanydifferencesbetweentheconstitutionallawandstatutorylawinstatesusinguncodifiedconstitutions?

No.BothcanbealteredorrepealedbyasimplemajorityinParliament.

CriminalLaw

1.Whodoordinarypeoplethinkofcrimes?

Peoplethinkofcrimesasactsthatthreatenpublicsafety,securityormorality.Crimecanbedefinedasanti-socialconductthatissufficientlyserioustorequirestateinterventionandpunishment.

2.Whatistheaccuratedefinitionofcrime?

Acrimeisanyactoromissionthatiscontrarytothecriminallaw.

3.Whataretheelementsthatmayestablishacrime?

Criminalliability,guiltymind,

4.Whatisthestandardofprooffortheprosecutiontoprovethatapersonisguilty?

Beyondareasonabledoubtthatthedefendantmittedtheactusreusofthecrime,whileatthesametimehavingtherequiredmensrea

5.Whatdoestheactusreusinclude?

Conduct,circumstanceandconsequence

6.Willallomissionsleadtoliability?

No

7.Whatarethecircumstanceswherecriminalliabilityhasbeenimposedforanomission?

8.Whatissharedbythecasesaboutomission?

Adefendanthasacceptedorbeenplacedunderadutytoact,andhis/heromissionconstitutesafailuretodischargethatduty—theomissionisnolongerpure.

9.Inwhatkindofcasesiscausationrequired?

Thedefendant’sconductcausedtheunlawfulconsequence

10.Howisthesubjectivenatureofcriminalliabilityproved?

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