浅析商务合同的文体特征Word文件下载.docx

浅析商务合同的文体特征Word文件下载.docx

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Withopeninguptotheoutsideworld,ourcountryhasbeenmorefrequentlyinvolvedintheinternationalbusinesscampaign.Inthisinternationalbusinesscampaign,businesscontractsarethemostimportantandfundamentallegaldocumentsindevelopingbusinesses,conductingtransactions,andmaintaininglegitimaterightsandinterestsbetweendifferentparties.ComparedtootherEnglishprofessionaltexts，Englishlegalcontractshavetheirowncharacteristicsinvocabulary,grammar,discourse,etc.KnowingthecharacteristicsofEnglishinternationalbusinesscontractsplaysavitalroleinsettingthestandardsofcontracts,solvingeconomicdisputes,andprotectingthelegalrightsandinterestsofparties.Businesscontracts,asakindoflegaldocuments,havefeaturesofaccuracy,standard,preciseness,solemnest,succinctness,andfulloflegalterms,etc.ThispaperaimstoanalyzethevariouscharacteristicsofEnglishbusinesscontractsandofferabetterunderstandingandimprovementintheuseofEnglishbusinesscontracts.

KeyWords:

Business,contract;

stylistic,characteristic;

Contents

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………1

1.TheVocabularyCharacteristicsofBusinessContracts……………………………1

1.1TheFrequentUseofTechnicalTerms…………………………………………1

1.2TheFrequentUseofOldStyleLanguage……………………………………..2

1.2.1Wordsstartby“here”……………………………………..…………………2

1.2.2TheWordsstartby“there”………………………..………………………...3

1.2.3Thewordsstartby“where”………………………..………………………..3

1.3TheUseofSynonyms…………………………………………………………4

1.4UsingliteraryLanguagewithTransparencyofMeaning……………………..4

2.SentenceFeatures…………………………………………………………………...5

2.1TheUseofPassiveVoice…………………………………………………….5

2.2TheUseofDeclarativeSentences…………………………………………...5

2.3ComplicatedSentencePatternswithNumerousModifiers………………….5

2.4RepeatRatherthantheUseofPronouns…………………………………….6

2.5UseSimplePresentTenseGenerally………………………………………...6

2.6ModalVerbs……………………………………………………………….....6

3.CharacteristicsofDiscourse……………………………………………..…………7

3.1TextualMetafunction………………………………………………………...7

3.2CohesiveMeans………………………………………………………...……8

3.2.1Reference……………………………………………………………....……8

3.2.2Substitution…………….……………………………………………….....…9

3.2.3Ellipsis………………………………………………………………...……..9

3.2.4Conjunction……………………………………………………………...…10

3.2.5LexicalCohesion…………………………………………...………………10

Summary…………………………………………………………...………………...10

Bibliography…………………………………………………………...……………..11

Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………....……12

Introduction

Duetotheopeningtotheoutsideworldandtheeconomicglobalization,especiallyafterourcountryenteringintoWTO,Chinahasaveryfastdevelopmentincommercialtradesandismorefrequenttodobusinesswithothercountries.Businesscontracts,aslegaldocumentsandweapon,playanimportantroleinregularizinginternationalbusinessoperations,promotingthedevelopmentofinternationaltrades,regulatingthewaysofinternationalpayment,andconsolidatingtheinternationalachievements.Theyareinvolvedintheeconomicactivitiesamongcountries,enterprises,andorganizations.AsEnglishplaysamoreandmorevitalpartinthebusinessactivities,itisabasicrequirementforinternationalbusinessworkerstounderstandEnglishcontractsprofessionally,drawupandtranslatethecontractswithoutanycontroversies.LearningthestylisticcharacteristicsofBusinesscontractscanhelpthemachievethesegoals.

1.TheVocabularyCharacteristicsofBusinessContracts

1.1TheFrequentUseofTechnicalTerms

Wecanfindalotoftechnicaltermsinbusinesscontracts.Asetoflegaltermshasbeenformedfortheconvenienceinbusinessexchangeandthesetermshavebeenwidelyusedincommerciallawsanddocuments.Forexample,InternationalCommercialTermshasbeenwidelyappliedinbusinesscontractsandnowhasbecomeaninternationalpractice.Technicaltermsareequippedwithinternationalgenerality,accurately.Technicaltermshavebeenfrequentlyusedinbusinesscontractsinordertodescribeandexpresspreciselydifferentkindsofdocuments,terms,transactionalprocessandrightsandobligationsthatbothpartieshavetoundertake.Forexample,“TermsofPayment：

Byconfirmed，irrevocable，transferableanddivisibleletterofcreditinfavorofpayableatsightwithT/Treimbursementclause/days’/sight/dateallowingpartialshipmenandtransshipment.ThecoveringLetterofCreditmustreachtheSellersbeforeandistoremainvalidin.Chinauntilthe15thdayafterthetimeofshipment，failingwhichtheSellersreservetherighttocancelthisSalesContractwithoutfurthernoticeandtoclaimfromtheBuyersforlossesresultingtheefrom.”（吴莺2009:

398）Inthissentence,thewords“payment，confirmed,irrevocable，transferableanddivisibleletterofcredit，timeofshipment”allbelongtothetechnicaltermswhicharewidelyusedinthecontract.ThisisanotablefeaturewhichdiffersEnglishinternationalbusinesscontractsfromChineseones.Therefore,wemustpayattentiontousingthesetermsinInternationalbusinessactivities.

“ForCFRTerms:

TheSellersshallshipthegoodswithinthetimeasstipulatedinClause（9）ofthisContractbyadirectvesselsailingfromtheportofloadingtoChinaPort．ForFOBTerms:

10－15dayspriortothedateofshipment,theBuyersshallinformtheSellerbycableofthecontractnumber，nameofthevessel,ETAofvessel,quantityandtheshippingagent,soastoenablethelattertocontracttheshippingdirectandarrangetheshipmentofthegoods．．．．”（吴莺2009:

398）

Thisisapartofdeliverytermsinordercontracts.Wecanseeithasincludedseveraltradeterms,suchasCFR（costandfreight）,FOB（freeonboard）ETA（nameofshippingagent）.IfwearenotfamiliarwithInternationalCommercialTerms,itisdifficultforustounderstandandtranslatethiscontractaccuratelyanditwillleadtomisunderstandingsandobstaclesincommunicationbetweentwoparties.Althoughwecanuseotherwaystotranslatethemeaningoftheoriginalterms,ifwetranslatethe“termsofshipment”into“ladingterms”,thiswillalsomakethetranslationdoesn’taccordwiththeexpressioninthegeneraltradelegaldocumentsandleadtomisunderstandingsanddisputes.

1.2TheFrequentUseofOldStyleLanguage

OldstylelanguageisseldomappliedinmodernEnglish.However,itlargelyexistsinbusinesscontracts.TheuseofoldstylelanguagenotonlymakestheEnglishcontractsgraveandofficial,butalsoreflectsthecharacteristicsoflegaldocuments,suchasrigor,conciseness.Whatismore,itcanavoidmisunderstandingeffectively.Thewordsofoldstylelanguagearemainlyformedbycombininghere,therewithby,after,under,upon,with,etc.Theroleofthesewordsisveryobvious;

theycanbeusedtoformaclosertieinthetermsofthecontext.Ifwehavetomentionawordformanytimes,wecanusesuchkindofarchaicwordstomakesentencesconciseandavoidredundancy.

1.2.1WordsStartby“Here”

1.2.1.1Hereby

Itmeans“bymeansof,forthisreason,bythisagreement”.Thewordcanalsobeusedwhencontracttermsneedtobeemphasizedspecially.Itisoftenusedastheentrywordinginlegaldocumentsorputnearorafterthesubject.Forexample,“TheCompanyherebycovenantsandwarrantsthat…”or“Bothpartiesherebyagreethat...”

1.2.1.2Hereof/Hereto

Thewordmeansofthisagreement,inthecontract,orinthisfile.Itisusedtorefertotheabove-mentionedpartsanditisoftenputafterthenoun.Forexample,“totakeeffectonthedatehereof”meanstotakeeffectonthedateofthisagreement,“theheadingsofthesectionshereof”meanstheheadingsofthesectionsofthisagreement,“bothpartieshereto”equatestobothpartiestothisagreement,and“itemsspecifiedinAttachmentIandhereto”hasthesamemeaningwithitemsspecifiedinAttachmentItothisagreement.

1.2.1.3Herein

Theword“herein”alsomeansinthisagreement,inthiscontract,orinthislaw,whichhavebeenmentionedabove.However,itisoftenusedafterandclosetotheadjunctword.Forexample,“tofileasuitinthecourtagreedtoherein”meanstofileasuitinthecourtagreedtointhisagreement.Foranotherexample,“tofollowthetermsandconditionsherein”meanstofollowthetermsandconditionsinthisagreement.

1.2.1.4Hereunder

Thiswordhasthemeaningofunderthisagreement.Therefore,“obligationshereunder”onlyreferstoobligationsunderthisagreement,and“rightsgrantedhereunder”meansrightsgrantedunderthisagreement.

1.2.2TheWordsStartby“There”

Thewordsareconstructedbyadding“there”toprepositions.Suchasthereafter,thereby,therein,thereinafter,thereinbefore,thereon,thereof,thereunder,thereupon,therewith,etc.Weshouldusethesewordsaccordingtothecontentofcontract.Thesewordsaresimilartothewordswhichareconstructedby“here”andprepositions.

1.2.2.1Thereof

“ThisAgreementiswrittenintheEnglishlanguage.IncaseofanydiscrepancybetweentheEnglishversionandanytranslationthereof,theEnglishtextshallgovern.”

Inthesentenceabove,with“theEnglishversionandanytranslationthereof”,wecanjudgefromthecontextthat“theEnglishversionandanytranslationoftheEnglishversion”,thatis“oftheEnglishversion”isreplacedby“thereof”.Inthisway,wecanunderstandthesentencebetter.

1.2.2.2Therein

Itmeans“inthat,inthatparticularcontext,inthatrespect”,whichreferstotheabovepartmentioned“inthecontract”“inengineering”.Forexample“thecontractoranypartthereof”means“thecontractoranypartofthecontract”,

1.2.2.3Theret