法律英语课后习题大全Word格式文档下载.docx
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法律英语课后习题大全Word格式文档下载.docx
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accordingtothetext,thecommonlawtraditionincludeslawandequity.
2.HowdifferentisthelegalsystemofLouisianafromtherestoftheUnitedStates?
thecommonlawwas"
received"
inmanycountriessuchasUnitedStates,buttheLouisianaexcepted,becausewherethecivillawwasinplacebeforetheUnitedStatesgainedjurisdiction.
4.Whatdoes“civillaw”mean?
Theexpression“civillaw”,inLatinjuscivilis,literallymeansthelawofthecitizensofRome.ItisthelawofthecityofRome,thelawappliedtoacitizen(inLatin,civis)ofRomeasopposedtothelawappliedtoanon-citizen.
5.Whatisthemaindifferencebetweenthecivillawsystemandcommonlawsystem?
Firstandforemost,casesareusuallyconsideredtobetheprimarysourceoflawincommonlawcountries,butincivillawcountries,casesaresimplynotasourceoflaw---atleastintheory.Civillawjuristwillconsiderthecivilcodeasanallencompassingdocument,butincommonlawjurisdictionslegislationtendstobeconsideredasanexceptiontothecaselaw.
6.Whatdifferentattitudesdothecivillawsystemandthecommonlawsystemholdtowardscaselaw?
Casesareusuallyconsideredtobetheprimarysourceoflawincommonlawcountries,butincivillawcountries,casesaresimplynotasourceoflaw---atleastintheory,butcasesarebecomingmoreandmorerelevantincivillawcountries,buttheattitudesofciviliansandcommonlawyerstowardlegislationandcasesdiffergreatly.
7.WhatissignificantabouttheAmericanlegaleducation?
Howislawschoolteachingdifferentfromours?
Americanlegaleducationisveryoriginalandinmanyrespectsunique.Legaleducationtendstobelongerthanothercommonlawcountries;
lawisapostgraduatedegreeintheU.S.
Theteachingstyleismagisterial----theprofessorexposesthelawtohisorherstudents,whotakenotesanddonotinterveneinclass.
8.IslawdegreeanundergraduatedegreeintheU.S.?
HowdopeoplegetalawdegreeintheU.S.?
no,thelawdegreeisamasterdegreeintheU.S.,thestudentsmusthaveatleastabachelor'
sdegreeinsomeareaofstudy,andthentostudythelawandgetthelawdegree.
9.CanyoucomparethelegalmethodemployedintheAmericanlegaleducationandthelegalmethodusedinothercountries?
Americanlegaleducationisaveryoriginalandinmanyrespectsunique.ThecasemethodorSocraticmethodispeculiartothiscountry.itmustbecleartoyoubynowthatthe"
case"
methodcouldnothavebeenthoughtofinacivillawcountry.Inthosecountries(asinthecaseinEngland)lawisanundergraduatedegree.LegaleducationtendstobelongerthanintheUnitedStates.Theteachingstyleismagisterial-theprofessorexposesthelawtohisorherstudents,whotakenotesanddonotinterveneinclass.
10.Whoplayanimportantroleindefiningthelawincivillawsystem,lawprofessorsorjudges?
Whataboutthecommonlawsystem?
lawprofessors,becauseCivillawstudentswillread"
lawdoctrine"
morethancases.The"
doctrine"
isthecumulatedwritingsoflawprofessorsonwhatthelawisorshouldbe.Incivillawthe"
isconsideredtobeasourceoflawandahighlyrespectedone.Youhavetorememberthattheuniversity,notthecourts,reintroducedthecivillawinContinentalEurope.Itisthereforenotsurprisingthatlawprofessorsstillhaveanimportroleindefiningthelaw.Commonlawprofessorsgenerallydonotenjoyasimilarprestigewithintheirownjurisdiction.Herethejudgesgetmostoftheprestige.
Unit1B
1.Howiscaselawcreated?
Thedecisionsofjudges,orofotherofficialsempoweredbytheconstitutionorlawsofapoliticalentitytohearanddecidecontroversies,createcaselaw.
2.Whatdoseaparticulardecisionmeantothepartiestoalawsuit?
Tothelawyers,judges,andlawstudents?
1)Fromthepointofviewofpartiestoalawsuitorothercontestedcontroversy,whatmattersistheimmediateoutcome,theresultthetribunalreachesintheircase.Itmeanswethertheaggrievedpartyordamagedpartywillobtainaremedy.
2)Intheviewofjudges,lawyersandlawstudents,however,thedecisiontakesonbroaderperspective.Thedecisionbecomesapossiblesourceofgeneralapplicablecaselaw.
3.AccordingtoProfessorLlwellyn,whatcreatesalegalsystemofprecedent?
Whyandwhen?
1)Thosegeneralizationscontainedin,orbuiltupon,pastdecisionscreatealegalsystemofprecedent.
2)Becauseasrulesofactionariseoutofthesolutionofparticularproblems,inanyjudicialsystemrulesoflawarisesoonerorlateroutofsuchdecisionsofcases,weatherornotsuchformulationsaredesired,intendedorconsciouslyrecognized.
3)Whenthosegeneralizationsaretakenasnormativeforfuturedispute,alegalsystemofprecedentcreated.
4.Whatmighthappenifacourtfollowstheprecedentsmechanically?
Acourtthatfollowsprecedentmechanicallyortoostrictlywillattimesperpetuatelegalrulesandconcepts
5.Whatistheproblemremaininginthelegalsystemrecognizingpastdecisionsasauthoritativesourcesoflawforfuturecases?
Thecontinuingprobleminalegalsystemthatrecognizespastdecisionsasauthoritativesourcesoflawforfuturecasesishowtomaintainanacceptableaccommodationofthecompetingvaluesofstabilityinalaw,servedbyadherencetoprecedent,andresponsivenesstosocialchange,whichmaycallfortheabandonmentofanoutwornlegaldoctrine.
6.ExplainthesetwoLatinterms:
“staredecisis”and“resjudicata”?
“Staredecisis”isanimportantprincipleincommonlaw.Itreflectstheeffectofafinaldecisionofanappellateasprecedent,orpotentialprecedentforfuturecases,anditaddressestheimpactonthelegalnormofconduct.
“resjudicata”isanotherimportantprincipleincommonlaw.Itreflectstheeffectofafinaldecisionofanappellateasanauthoritativesettlementofaparticularcontroversythenbeforethecourt.Inotherwords,itaddressesadecision’simpactintheindividualcase.
7.Whatdoctrinebarsapersonfromeversuingonthesameclaimagain?
Thedoctrine“resjudicata”barsapersonfromeversuingonthesameclaimagain.
8.WhydoesthecaselawprocessinAmericancourtsthushaveaconsiderablecomparative-lawingredient?
Ajudicialdecisionisaprecedentinthefullsenseonlywithinthesamejurisdiction.However,Americanappellatecourtsfrequentlyciteanddrawupondecisionsfromotherjurisdictions.
Suchoutstatedecisionsarenotfull-fledgedprecedents,buttheyareaccordedthestatusandweightofpersuasiveauthorityandespeciallyincaseswherethereisnolocalprecedentorthelocalprecedentsareconflictingorunclear.
9.Howdoesacourtoflastresortinonestateusuallymakeuseofoutstatedecisions?
Acourtoflastresortinonestatedoesnotconsideritselfboundtofollowanotherstate’scaselawrules,butitwillcarefullyconsidertheoutstatedecisionsand,ifitfindstheirreasoningpersuasive,makeuseofthemassourcesofguidanceandjustification.
10.Canyouexplainthedifferencebetweenthebindingprecedentsandpersuasiveprecedents?
Themajordifferencebetweenthebindingprecedentsandpersuasiveprecedentsmaybetheauthoritytothecase.
Thebindingprecedentsarefullyauthoritativeandgenerallybinding,butpersuasiveprecedentsjustpersuasiveauthority.
Becauseofthedifferenceindegreeofinfluence,persuasiveprecedentsarenotasauthoritativeandshouldnotbeassignedthesameforceasthebindingprecedents.
UNIT2A
1.Whatkindsofcasesdotheinferiorcourtsdealswith?
Whataresomeofthelimitsthatareimposedonthem?
Everystatehasitsinferiortrialcourtswithjurisdictionlimitedtocivilsuitsinvolvingrelativelysmallamountsofmoneyandtominorviolationsofthecriminallaw.Theciviljurisdictionofaninferiorcourtisusuallydefinedintermsoftheamountofmoneyindispute:
thejurisdictionofan“inferior”criminalcourtislikelytobedefinedintermsofthemaximumjailsentence.
2.Whatkindsofcasesarethetrialcourtsofgeneraljurisdictionempoweredtotry?
Ifacivilclaimorcriminalprosecutioninvolvesanamountofmoney,orapotentialcriminalsentence,beyondthejurisdictionofan“inferior”trialcourt,itmustbefiledandheardoma“trialcourtofgeneraljurisdiction.”thatis,acourtempoweredtotryallkindsofcases,withoutmonetaryorsubjectmatterlimitation.
3.Whatisthefunctionofthe“courtoflastresort”ofeachstate?
Everystatehasits“courtoflastresort,”theappellatecourtatthetopofthejudicialhierarchyandtheonewhichdetermineswithfinalitywhatparticularstate’slawisandshouldbe.Thefunctionistoreviewtheactionofthelowerjudicialtribunalsofthestate.
4.Whyareappealstothecourtsoflastresortlimited?
Whatdoesthe“screeningout”functionreferto?
Becauseavastincreaseinappellatelitigation,particularlyinthe
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