心理学 Psychological Learning Behavior概要Word格式.docx

心理学 Psychological Learning Behavior概要Word格式.docx

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⏹Ringabellnosalivation

⏹phase2（theprocessofconditioning）:

⏹ringbell+placefoodinmouth（repeatseveraltimes）

⏹phase3（afterconditioning）:

⏹ringbell（withoutfood）salivation

UCS（food）UCR（salivation）

CS（bell）CR（salivation）

⏹DosalivatingdogshaveanythingtodowithYOURlife?

⏹e.g.,acquisitionofphobiasandconditionedemotionalresponses

⏹Freud:

⏹CCmodel:

UCS（dogbite）UCR（fear）

CS（sightofdog）CR（fear）

⏹vicariousconditioning-associationthatderivesfromhearingorseeingother'

sreactions

UCS（snakebite）UCR（fear）

CS（sightofsnake）CR（fear）

⏹Post-traumaticstressdisorder

⏹personexperiencesveryfrighteningevent

⏹lateranythingthatresembleseventcausesfearreaction

UCSUCR（fear）

CSCR（fear）

⏹Stimulusgeneralization:

stimulisimilartoCSmayalsotriggeraCR

⏹butCRgetsweakertostimulithatarelessandlesssimilartooriginalCS

⏹conditionedresponsesovertime

⏹repeatedpairingsofaCSandUCSstrengthentheCR

⏹repeatednonpairings（CSwithoutUCS）graduallyweakentheCR

⏹sohowshouldonetreatdisorderslikephobiasandPTSD?

⏹spontaneousrecovery:

⏹whatarethetreatmentimplicationsofspont.recovery?

⏹classicalconditioningisselective

⏹preparednesstheory:

humansarepredisposedtodevelopsomephobiasandnotothers

⏹why?

⏹conditionedtasteaversion（Garciaetal.）

⏹practicalapplicationoftasteaversion:

sheepherders

UCSUCR

CSCR

⏹OperantConditioning（OC）

AKA:

instrumentalcond.,Skinneriancond.

⏹operantconditioning=aformoflearninginwhichbehaviorscometobecontrolledbytheirconsequences

⏹OCandCCaredifferent

⏹CC:

behaviorcontrolledbystimulus（orevent）thatprecedesit

⏹OC:

behaviorcontrolledbystimulus（orevent）thatfollowsit

⏹EdwardThordike'

sdissertationquestion:

⏹didanimalslearnby"

aflashofinsight“?

---or---

⏹didanimalslearnby“trialanderror”?

⏹lawofeffect=theconsequences（effects）ofaresponsedeterminewhetherthetendencytoperformitisstrengthenedorweakened

⏹Operantconditioning:

Basicprinciples

⏹acquisitionofabehavior

⏹shaping:

rfofcloserandclosermatches（successiveapproximations）tothedesiredresponse

⏹chaining:

linkedseriesofactionsthatleadtorf

⏹discrimination:

learningwhichparticularresponsesarerewarded（animalattendsto"

discriminativestimuli"

）

⏹Operantconditioningisselective

⏹instinctivedrift（Breland&

Breland,1961）

⏹Applications:

Movingfromratstopeople

⏹behaviormodification

⏹Cognitivefactorsinlearning

⏹Traditional"

blackbox"

view:

⏹Contraryevidence:

⏹Classicalcond.

⏹CSworksbestwhenitprecedesUCSandservesasignalingfunction

⏹

⏹Contiguityorpredictivevalue?

（Rescorla,1978）

⏹conclusion:

⏹Blocking（Kamin,1969）

⏹Why?

⏹Operantcond.

⏹Latentlearning（Tolmanetal.,1930）

⏹Traditional:

rewardincreasestheprobabilityofdesiredresponses（mazelearning）

⏹Tolman:

⏹ran3grpsofratsinmaze

⏹Grp1:

receiverfthroughout

⏹Grp2:

receivenorfthroughout

⏹Grp3:

receivenorffor10days,thengetrfstartingonday11

⏹Insightlearning（WolfgangKö

hler）

⏹involves3stages

⏹1.trialanderroractivity（e.g.,triesshorterstick）

⏹2.periodofstudyandreflection

⏹3.insight-generatedsolution

⏹ObservationalLearning（Bandura）

⏹Bandura'

sclassicstudy:

⏹2gpsofchildren

watchfilmofadultmodelaggressingtowardsBobodoll

watchneutralfilm

⏹afterwards,childrentakentoroomcontainingBobodoll

⏹supportforblackboxtheory?

⏹Bandura’sfollow-upstudy:

⏹effectsofrewardingtheaggressor（Bandura）

⏹nurseryschoolboys/girlsdividedinto4groups

1.nomodel

2.non-aggressivemodel

3.aggressivemodelrewarded

4.aggressivemodelpunished

⏹latertakentoplayroom;

scoreaggressivebehavior

results:

CookandMineka,1990

whataboutobservationallearningininfrahumanspecies?