Civil Procedure 民事诉讼程序Word格式.docx
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Civil Procedure 民事诉讼程序Word格式.docx
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PartOne:
TheCourseofCivilProcedure
Thebasicfirstyearcivilprocedurecourseisdesignedtoteachhowlawyerschooseapropercourtandhowtheyframeandpresenttheircasesthroughouttheproceedingsuntilajudgmenthasbeenreachedandallavailableappealshavebeenpursued.Theimpactofjudgmentsonfuturelitigationalsomaybeexplored.Thus,theprimaryfocusinthiscourseisonthemethodsandtoolsavailabletothelitigator.Thisstudyrequiresaninquiryintojudiciallydevelopeddoctrines,aswellasvariousrulesandstatutesgoverningthecivilcourts.Attimeitwillproducequestionsthataretheoreticalorconstitutional;
atothertimesissuesofcarefulorstrictruleinterpretationwillbeparamount.Throughout,itisimportanttokeepinmindthepurposeunderlyingthedevelopmentofthecivilprocedurerulesanddoctrines--toprovideajust,efficientandeconomicalmeansbywhichpersonscanresolvetheirdisputes.Notalwayswillthispurposebemetand,aswewillsee,someoftheexistingprocedureshavebeenusedbyattorneystothwartthisgoal.Nonetheless,thedesiretoachievejustice,efficiency,andeconomyinourcivildisputeresolutionprocessunderliesthewayinwhichthecourtsapplyandinterpretthegovernmentrules
Instudyingtheproceduresbywhichlegalrightsarevindicated,italsoisimportanttorememberthattheAnglo-Americanjudicialsystemisbasedontheadversarymodel.Thejudgesitssolelytoruleondisputedquestions,aspresentedbytheparties,andtoapplysanctionswhentheyareproperlyrequestedbyaparty.Thelawyersshapethecontoursoftheaction.Issuesnotraised,objectionsnomade,orpointsnotchallengedare,withveryfewexceptions,waived.Thecasemovesforwardonlyinresponsetothedemandsoftheparties.Whilemodernjudgeshavetendedtotakeasomewhatmoreactiveroleinguidinglitigationbeforethem,itstillremainstruethattheultimateresponsibilityforeachcaserestswiththelitigants.
Finally,itshouldbenotedthatthereisaveryimportantaspecttoframinglitigationthattypicallyisnottaughtinthebasiccivilprocedurecourse:
howtoselectaparticularremedyastheonemostlikelytosucceedorbestsuitedtotheneedsoftheclient.Thatinquiryconcernsmatterssuchaswhetherinjunctivereliefordamagesmaybesoughtorwhethersomeformofrestitutionaryreliefmightbemostappropriate.Historically,thequestionofwhattypeofreliefwasinvolvedalsodictatedinwhichcourtsuitshouldbefiled,astherewereseparatecourtsestablished--i,e.,law,equity,ecclesiastical-todispensecertaintypesofreliefortohearcertaintypesofdisputes.Moderncourtsystemsarenotsodesigned.Instead,anycivilcourtisauthorizedtodispensewhateverremedyisappropriate.Thus,theproblemofframingaremedy,whileanessentialstepinpreparingyourcase,isnotparticularlyrelevantintheselectionofacourtandislefttoacourseinremedies.
PartTwo:
TheAdversaryTrialSystem
MostknowledgeabletoobserverswouldagreethattheAnglo-Americanadversarytrialsystemisathingofwonder.Onewonderswhetheritisproperlydesignedtoreachitsannouncedgoal,theascertainmentofrelevanttruth.Beyondthat,onewondershowiteverworksatall.
Thereisnothingveryscientificabouttheprocessoflitigation.Asonehighlyexperiencedtriallawyer,whobelievedinbeingfrank,oncedescribedit.“Thewayweadministerjusticeisbyanadversaryproceeding,whichistosay,wesetthepartiesfighting.”ProfessorRobertE.KeetonoftheHarvardLawSchoolhesaiditlessdramatically:
”
“Atrialisacompetitionofinconsistentversionsoffactsandtheoriesoflaw.”defyingallpreceptsofscientificfact-finding,thetrialsystemactuallyworksquitewell.Adversarinessseemstobethebestmethodyetdevisedforforcingthetruthintotheopen.
Afewdistinctivecharacteristicsoftheadversarytrialsystemstandout.Inthemain,casesarebroughttothecourtbythepartiesthroughtheirlegalrepresentatives-lawyers.Thelawyers,guidedbyajudge,controlthecontentandflowoftheevidence.Andthelitigationprocessis,atleasttheoretically,two-sided,notone-sided,inthesensethateachpartyhasanequalopportunitytoinvestigatethecaseandpresenthisorhersideofitattrialthroughevidenceandargument.
ThetrialjudgeinanAmericanjurycaseservesonlyasasortofumpire.Heorsheappliestheproceduralrulestothelawyersandexplainsthesubstantiveprinciplesoflawtothejurors,butgenerallythejurors,andtheyalone,decidewhatfactshavebeenestablishedbythepreponderantevidence.
Inotherwords,thejudgeisthearbiterofthelaw,thejurorsarethearbitersofthefacts.Thejurors,inreachingtheirverdict,applytothefacts,asfoundbythem,thelawasitisexplainedtothembythejudgeinhisorherinstructions(sometimescalledthejudge’s“charge“tothejury).Ofcourse,iftrialbyjuryhasbeenwaived,thetrialjudgeherselfwillfindthefactsandapplythelawtotheminwhatisreferredtoasabenchtrial.Manyplaintiffsanddefendantswouldliketohavetheircasestriedbyasinglejudge.
PartThree:
TheProcessofTrial
Onceacasehasproceededthroughdiscoveryandsurvivedanypretrialmotionsthatmayhavebeenmade,itwillbeplacedonthetrialdocketofthecourtandadatefortrialassigned.Atthattime,ifnocontinuancesorpostponementshaveoccurred,thepartiesandtheircounselmustappeartobeginthetrial.
Bothjuryandnon-jurytrialsfollowthesamegeneralpattern,althoughtheoutsetofthetraildiffersinajurycaseastimemustbespentonchoosingajurytositinthecase.Theorderofpresentationmayvaryslightlyfromcourttocourt,butthegeneralrulesareasfollows.Plaintiff’scounselfollowedbydefendant’sattorneyeachmakeopeningstatements,explainingwhattheyintendtoprove.Theplaintiff‘switnessandevidenceareexaminedandcross-examined.Thenthedefendant’switnessandevidenceareintroduced,withsimilarrightsofexaminationandcross-examination.Theplaintiffanddefendantthenmaybeallowedtointroducerebuttalevidence.Afteratallevidencehasbeensubmitted,eachsidemakesclosingargumentssummarizingtheevidencesupportingtheirrespectivepositions.Plaintiffagaintypicalsummarizesfirst,buthasarightofrebuttalafterthedefendant’sclosingremarkshavebeenmade.Ifthereisnojury,thejurythenwillevaluatetheevidenceandrenderajudgment.Ifajuryispresent,thejudgeinstructsthejurorsastothelawtobeapplied.Mostcommonly,thejudgewillrequirethepartiestosubmitpossibleinstructionsandwillchoosefromamongthosesubmissions.Insomejurisdictions,patterninstructionshavebeenapprovedforvarioustypesoflegalissuesandthepartieswillnotneedtopreparespecialdraftsfortheirparticularcases.Inafewjurisdictionsthejudgealsomaycommentontheevidence.However,inmostjurisdictionsthisisdeemedimproperandthejudgeisauthorizedonlytogiveanimpartialsummaryoftheevidence.Thejurythenretirestodeliberateinordertorenderitsverdict.Ifthejurorsreportthattheyaredeadlocked,thejudgemaysendthembackforadditionaldeliberations.Butifthatfailstobreakthedeadlock,thenamistrialwillhavetobedeclared.Ifthejuryreturnswithaverdict,thejudgeenterajudgmentonit.
PartFour:
TheRulesofEvidence
Thetrialprocessisgovernedbyrulesoevidence.Eachcourtsystemhasitsownsetofevidentiaryrulesandthecharacteroftheproceedingmayvarysomewhatdependingonwhattypesfevidencearepermittedtobeintroduced.Mostgenerally,properevidenceortestimonyisthatwhichisrelevantandnotprivilegedorhearsay.Definitionsofrelevance,privilege,andhearsayfillthelawbookandareexploredmorefullyintheseparatecourseonevidence.Abriefdescriptionherewillsuffice.
Therelevanceofspecificevidenceisdeterminedinrelationtothescopeoftheissuesinthecaseathand.Irrelevantevidenceisexcludedinordertoaidthetrieroffactinfocusingonwhatactuallyisinissue.Privilegedmatterisexcludedtoprotecttheprivacyofindividualsincertainrelationships(e.g.,doctor-patient,lawyer-client).Personsinaprivilegedrelationshipneednorevealanycommunicationsthatoccurredbetweenthem.Thelawplacesagreatervalueonpreservingthesanctityofthoserelationshipsthanontheneedtofindtruthbasedallthepossibleevidence.Hearsayisdefinedasanout-of-courtstatementofferedtoprovethefactortruthofthematterstated.Therulesdefininghearsayareriddledwithexceptions.Ingeneral,theprohibitionagainsttheuseofhearsayevidenceexistsbecausehearsayisdeemedinherentlyunreliablebecausethereisnoopportunitytocross-examinetheactualpersonwhomadethestatement.Theexceptionsthatarerecognizedtypicallyinvolvesituationsinwhichothercircumstancesappeartoensurethattheevidenceisreliable(suchastheexceptionfortheintroductionforecordscreatedduringthedaytodayoperationfoabusiness)orinwhichtheredoesnotappeartobeotherevidencethatcouldbeusedtoprovethematteratissue(suchasstatementsbyapersonregardinghismotives)
Counselmustraiseevidentiaryobjectionsimmediatelyortheywillbewaived.Inaddition,inthecaseofprivilegedinformation,thepartiestotherelationshipcanwaivetheirrighttoclaimprivilegebytheirconduct.Ifanobjectionissustained,theevidencewillbestrickenorthejurywillbeinstructednottotakeitintoaccountinren
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