Acing the TOEFL Writing Sentence Improvement文档格式.docx

Acing the TOEFL Writing Sentence Improvement文档格式.docx

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TheboardelectedYUMinhongthechairman.

IfoundTOEFLeasy.

4.Subject+LinkingVerb+SubjectComplement（S+V+SC）:

（主语+系动词+主补）

YUMinhongbecamethepresidentofNO.

Theprotestwasuseless.

5.Subject+TransitiveVerb+IndirectVerb+DirectObject（S+V+IO+DO）:

（主语+及物动词+直接宾语+间接宾语）

AlexanderPopewroteIsaacNewtontheinscription.

Ihandedhimadagger.

v一、过去20年，中国发生了变化。

vTherehavebeenchangesinChinainthepast20years.

vBigchangeshavetakenplaceinChinainthepast20years.

vGreatChangeshavetakenplaceinChinainthepasttwodecades.

vChinahaswitnesseddramaticchangesinthepasttwodecades.

vTwentyyearshaswitnessedthedramaticchangesinChina.

v二、近几年，世界经济逐渐衰退。

v4）Theworldeconomywentrecessioninrecentyears.（S+V+C）

vTheworldeconomycollapsedinrecentyears.（S+V）

vRecentyearshavewitnessedthecollapseoftheworldeconomy.（S+V+O）

vFIVEBasicSentencePatternstoAdvancedSentences:

Transition&

Extension

（转换或延展）

SentenceTransition

v一、基本句型的转换

基本原则：

避免每一个句子的开头都是用I

1、被动句

E.g.

（1）洪水摧毁了整个城镇（2mins）

vTheflooddestroyedthewholetown.

Thetownwasdestroyedbytheflood.

vTheFlooddevastatedthetown.

Thetownwasdevastatedbytheflood.

E.g.

（2）数年的战争蹂躏这这个国家。

（2mins）

Yearsofwarhavedevastatedthisnation.

vThisnationshavebeendevastatedbytheyearsofwar.

vThisnationshavebeenflattenedbytheyearsofwar.

vThisnationshavebeenravagedbytheyearsofwar.

2.倒装句

1）Therebe的句型，（20mins）

be:

appear,come,go,exist,seem,remain.

v你眼睛流露的真情实感告诉我你永远不会离开我。

Thereistruthinyoureyessayingyouwillneverleaveme.

1）Therebe的句型，（6mins）

v纽约港的自由岛上有自由女神像。

TherestandstheStatueofLibertyonLibertyIslandinNewYorkHarbor.

v依然存在很多问题需要解答。

Thereremainsseveralquestionstobeanswered.

v学校生活与社会生活之间存在一道鸿沟。

Thereexistsagapbetweenschoollifeandsociallife.

v对于该问题存在很多观点。

Thereexistavarietyofopinionsonthequestion.

2）为了突出强调某一内容，如表语，状语,宾语，而采用倒装语序，又或者是为了平衡句子的结构。

（6mins）

方法：

先将句子的结构变为一般疑问句，然后状语放置在句子的最前面。

①IstayeduplatereadingTheHistoryofWesternPhilosophymanyatime.

vDidIstayuplatereadingTheHistoryofWesternPhilosophymanyatime?

vManyatimedidIstayuplatereadingTheHistoryofWesternPhilosophy.

②ThestudiesofSpeaking,Writing,Reading,listeningareincludedinthiscourse.

vArethestudiesofSpeaking,Writing,Reading,listeningincludedinthiscourse?

vIncludedinthiscoursearethestudiesofSpeaking,Writing,Reading,listening.

3）用于含有否定词或者含有否定含义的状语（6mins）

Seldom,,neither,nor,neverbefore,notuntil,Little

vLittledidIrealizehowimportanthismeetingis.

（我几乎没有意识到这个会议的重要性）

vNeverhastherebeensomuchprotest（demonstration）againsttheJapanese.（从来没有这么多的反日示威）

3）用于含有否定词或者含有否定含义的状语

vBarelycouldSheunderstandEnglish.（她几乎不懂英语）

vHardlydidIthinkitpossiblethatshewouldaccepttheofferfromthisuniversity.

（我几乎不认为她会接受这所大学的录取。

）

vscarcely,

vNosoonerhadhesatdownthanthephonerang.=Thephonerangassoonashehadsatdown

我一坐下，电话就响了。

vUndernocircumstancescanyougiveupstudyingEnglish.无论在任何的情况下，你不能放弃英语学习。

4）用于省略了if,而以were,hadshould等系动词，助动词开头的虚拟条件句子（5mins）

①IfIhadnotworkedharder,IwouldnothaveachievedhigherscoresintheTOEFL-iBTTest.

vHadInotworkedharder,IwouldnothaveachievedhigherscoresintheTOEFL-iBTTest.

v下次我再在香港见到你，我就会教你太极拳。

ShouldIseeyounexttimeinHongKong,IcouldteachyouhowtoplayTaiji.

v5）让步状语从句倒装：

Adj系动词Be

Adv+As+S（主语）+实义动词,+主句

Verb助动词may,can

①Thoughheisyoung,heisabletospeak5foreignlanguages.

vYoungasheis,heisabletospeak5foreignlanguages.

②Ilikeyouverymuch,butIstillcouldnotstaywithyou.

vMuchasIlikeyou,Istillcouldnotstaywithyou.

③Althoughthepolicemightsearch,theycouldfindnothingformthesuspect.

vSearchasthepolicemight,theycouldfindnothingfromthesuspect.

v路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索。

Longasthewayis,Iwillkeeponsearchingaboveandbelow.

v3.强调句（5mins）

强调句型的结构：

It＋系动词Be＋被强调的词或词组＋that＋其他部分

1）MingoplaysTaijieverymorning.

vItisMingothatplaysTaijieverymorning.

vItisTaijithatMingoplayseverymorning.

vItiseverymorningthatMingoplaysTaiji.

4、形式主语

不定式短语

It（形式主语）+V谓语+名词从句

动名词短语

1）ItisagreatpleasuretoreadTheOutlineofHistorywithoutbeingdisturbed.（不定式短语）

vToreadTheOutlineofHistorywithoutbeingdisturbedisagreatpleasure.

2）Itispleasantlyinginthewintersun.（动名词短语）

vLyinginthewintersunispleasant.

itisgenerally/widely/universallybelieved/accepted/held/pointedoutthat

vItisatruthuniversallyacknowledgedthatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortunemustbeinwantofawife.

5、形式宾语

不定式短语

S+V+it（形式宾语）+adj./n/+动名词短语

名词从句

1）Tomfindsitdifficulttoconcentrate.

v很多人认为出国留学是个好注意。

Manypeopleconsideritagoodideaforustopursueahigherdegreeinforeignuniversities.

v技术的进步使得人们在远距离进行即使通讯成为可能。

Theadvancementoftechnologymakesitpossibleforpeopletocommunicatewitheachotherinlongdistancesimultaneously/atthesametime.

SentenceExtension

vThreeToolsofExtension

增添法，并列法，复合法

（Ⅰ）增添法

（形）S（介短）＋（副词）V（副词）＋（形）O（介短），（介短）

（定语从句）（定语从句）

（分词短语）（分词短语）

原则：

使得事物由抽象变得具体化

vE.g.1:

Pleasereviewallthepoints.

vPleasereviewalltheimportantpoints.

vPleasereviewalltheimportantpointsmentionedinclass.

vPleasereviewalltheimportantpointsmentionedinclassaswellasthepointsyouremainconfusedabout.

ve.g.2:

StevenspeaksEnglish.

vStevenspeaksEnglishwell.

vStevenspeaksEnglishfluentlyandclearly.

vBypracticingeverymorning,StevenspeaksEnglishfluentlyandclearly.

vBygettingupearlyandlisteningtothenewseveryday,StevenspeaksEnglishfluentlyandclearly.

vE.g.3:

HongKongisacity.

vHongKongisalargecity.

vHongKongisanovercrowdedandcommercializedcity.

vHongKongisanovercrowdedandcommercializedcitywithapopulationofover10million.

vHongKong,whichisfamousforitsfreedom,isanovercrowdedandcommercializedcitywithapopulationofover10million.

vHongKong,whichisfamousforitsfreedom,isanovercrowdedandcommercializedMetropolitanwithapopulationofover10million.

vHongKong,whichisrenownedforitsfreedom,isanovercrowdedandcommercializedMetropolitanwithapopulationof10million.

vLocatedinthesouthernpartofChina,HongKong,whichisrenownedforitsfreedom,isanovercrowdedandcommercializedMetropolitanwithapopulationofover10million.

v（Ⅱ）并列法（coordinate）

句型1）连词（ForAndNorButOrYetSo）

A_（______）_and___B_（_______）

句型2）副词（Furthermore,besides,moreover,also,however,therefore,otherwise,consequently）

_____A___,while________B______

句型3）分号

______A_______;

_______B______

v平行并列结构

在一个句子或一组句子中，具有相同的语法结构并起相同语法作用。

（长句子如果在语法机构上平行就会显得比较清晰和容易理解）

v并列结构中的成分必须结构相同：

名词与名词相连，动词与动词相连，从句与从句相连，在平行结构中常常使用成对的关联词，如both…and…;

Either...or…;

Notonly….Butalso…

Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.

---JuliusCaesar

vTheatmospherewasmuchdenserthen,usuallygreatcloudmassesobscuredthesun,frequentstormsdarkenedtheheavens.

----H.G.Wells,TheOutlineofHistory

v其时空气浓厚，黑云蔽日，狂风暗天。

－－梁思成《世界史纲》

v1）这期课程不会把你变成一位的作家，但是它有助于你掌握写作基本技巧。

vStep1（draft）初稿，写成简单句

Thiscoursewillnotturnyouintoawriter.

Itwillhelpyoutoknowthewriting.

vStep2并列扩展,but合并

Thiscoursewillnotturnyouintoawriter,butitwillhelpyoutoknowthewriting.

vStep3增添扩展，添加副词

Thiscoursewillnotmagicallyturnyouintoawriter,butitwillhelpyoutoknowthebasicsofwriting.

vStep4增添扩展，添加定语从句，形容词修饰名词

Thiscourse,whichincludes20classesandlastsforabouttwomonths,（including20classesandlastingfortwomonths）willnotmagicallyturnyouintoanexcellentwriter,butitwil