国贸重点知识梳理Word格式文档下载.docx
- 文档编号:21932447
- 上传时间:2023-02-01
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:19
- 大小:255.74KB
国贸重点知识梳理Word格式文档下载.docx
《国贸重点知识梳理Word格式文档下载.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《国贸重点知识梳理Word格式文档下载.docx(19页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
Governmentcontrolledtheuseandexchangeofpreciousmetals.
Prohibitionoftheexportofgold,silver,andotherpreciousmetalsbyindividuals.
Individualcaughtsmugglingspecieweresubjecttoswiftpunishment,oftendeath.
Governmentsgaveexclusivetradingrightsforcertainroutsorareastospecificcompanies.
Exportsweresubsidizedandquotasandhightariffswereplacedonimportsofconsumptiongoods.
4,ThelimitationsoftheMercantilism
Zero-sumgame/Accumulationofcurrencyequalstoanation’swealth/Economyshouldbeundercontrolofanation’sgovernment
5,Theneedforinternationaltrade
Resourcesreasons—scarcity
Economicreasons—economicbenefits
Otherreasons(politicalconsideration,innovation)
6,Barrierstointernationaltrade
Sociocultralbarriers/Economicbarriers/Tradebarriers(tariffsandnon-tariffs)
Solution:
tothinkglobally,buttoactlocally
7,Differencesbetweeninternationaltradeanddomestictrade
Foreignlanguages,laws,customsandregulations/Neededinformationmaybehardtoobtain./Foreigncurrencytransactionwillbenecessary./Culturedifferences/Higherrisklevels/Broaderrangeofmanagementskills
8,Thefuturetrends:
E-commerce
ItsAdvantages
Lowtransactioncost/Integrationofbusinessprocedures
Flexibility/Largecatalogs
9,Visibletrade&
invisibletrade
Visibletrade:
tradeingoods
Invisibletrade:
tradeinservices
Fourmodesofinvisibletrade:
Cross-bordersupplyofservice
Consumptionabroad
Commercialpresence
Presenceofnaturalpersons
10,Generaltradesystem&
specialtradesystem
Generaltradesystem:
statisticsarecollectedbasedoncountryterritory
Specialtradesystem:
statisticsarecollectedbasedoncustomsterritory
11,Thedegreeofdependenceonforeigntrade
Definition:
Therelativesizeoftradeisoftenmeasuredbycomparingthesizeofacountry’stotalvalueofforeigntradewithitsgrossdomesticproduct.
Howtocalculate:
Totalvalueofforeigntrade/GDP
Theratioofexport/GDP
Theratioofimport/GDP
12,Thetrendsofinternationaltradedevelopment
Developedcountriesarestillplayingthemainrolesininternationaltrade,whileChinaisrisingtoanewforce.
Regionaleconomiccooperationisbecomingatrend.
Tradesinserviceandtechnologydevelopbyleapsandbounds.
Thefightbetweentradeliberalizationandtradeprotectionismwilllastforalongtime.
ParttwoAbsoluteAdvantage&FactorProportiontheory
13.TheProductionPossibilitiesFrontier
Theproductionpossibilitiesfrontierisagraphshowingthevariouscombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtechnology.
14.Theabsoluteadvantage
Describestheproductivityofoneperson,firm,ornationcomparedtothatofanother.
Theproducerthatrequiresasmallerquantityofinputstoproduceagoodissaidtohaveanabsoluteadvantageinproducingthatgood.
15.ComparativeAdvantage
Comparesproducersofagoodaccordingtotheiropportunitycost.
Theproducerwhohasthesmalleropportunitycostofproducingagoodissaidtohaveacomparativeadvantageinproducingthatgood.
16.Conclusionofthecomparativeadvantage
Comparativeadvantageanddifferencesinopportunitycostsarethebasisforspecializedproductionandtrade.
Wheneverpotentialtradingpartieshavedifferencesinopportunitycosts,theycaneachbenefitfromtrade.
Tradecanbenefiteveryoneinasocietybecauseitallowspeopletospecializeinactivitiesinwhichtheyhaveacomparativeadvantage.
17.AdamSmith’scontributions
Absoluteadvantage/Thedivisionoflabor
18.Mainideaoftheabsoluteadvantage
Thedivisionoflaborwillincreasep.c.,andthisistheonlyreasonforeconomicdevelopment.(needlemakingindustry)
Thedivisionisbasedonabsoluteadvantage
Thebasisforinternationaldivisionoflaborisfavorablenaturalresourcesandskillsofworkers.
Productivecapacityandproductioncostaretwostandardsforabsoluteadvantage.
19Thereasonsfordivision
Enhancetheproductivecapacity
Theskilloflaborsimprovesbyspecialization.
Thetimecouldbesavedduringtheshiftofworktype.
Themechanicalinventionsarebasedonthespecialization.
20.TheabsoluteadvantageisthechallengetoMercantilism
Anation’swealthisreflectedinitsproductivecapacityratherthantheamountofthepreciousmetals
Specializationwouldgenerateproductivitygains
Freeenvironment
21.Summaryoftheabsoluteadvantageandcomparativeadvantage
Thepersonwhocanproduceagoodwithasmallerquantityofinputshasanabsoluteadvantage.
Thepersonwithasmalleropportunitycosthasacomparativeadvantage.
Interdependenceandtradeallowpeopletoenjoyagreaterquantityandvarietyofgoodsandservices.
Thegainsfromtradearebasedoncomparativeadvantage,notabsoluteadvantage.
Comparativeadvantageappliestocountriesaswellastopeople.
22.Factorproportionstradetheory包括的核心理论
Twocoreconcepts:
factorabundance,factorintensity
Fourtheories:
(注意理清几个理论之间的关系)
H-0theorem/Factorpriceequilibrium/Stolper-Samuelsontheorem/Rybeznskitheorem
23.Factorproportion
Relativeproportionoftwofactorswithacountry(一国所拥有两种生产要素的比例)K/L
Ifacountry’sK/Lislargerthantheothercountry,wesaythiscountryiscapital-abundanceorlabor-scarce,andviceversa.
24.Howtojudgetheabundanceoffactorendowment?
If(k1/l1)
(k2/l2)
Thencountry1iscapitalabundance,andcountry2islaborabundance.
25.Factorintensity
Theproportionoftwofactorsinproducingaproduct.(指生产某种产品所投入两种生产要素的比例)
在只有两种商品(X和Y)、两种要素(劳动和资本)的情况下,如果Y商品生产中使用的资本和劳动的比例大于X商品生产中的资本和劳动的比例,则称Y商品为资本密集型产品,而称X为劳动密集型产品。
26.H-Otheorem(靠山吃山,靠水吃水)的内容
Ifacountryhasrelativecapital-abundance,withlowpriceandlaborfactorisscarcewithhighprice,thecountryshouldproduceandexportthecapital-intensiveproductsandimportthelabor-intensiveproducts.Theothercountry相反。
Afterinternationaldivision,bothcountriesarebetteroff.
27.HowH-Oworks?
28.Factorpriceequilibrium(是H-O定理的推论)
Itinvestigatestheinfluenceonpriceofproductivefactorsbyinternationaltradeandprovesthatfreetradewillleadtofactorpriceequilibrium.
考察了国家贸易对生产要素价格的影响,论证了自由贸易将导致要素价格均等化
29.Factorproportionthermo的结论
Stolper-Samuelsontheorem(SS)
某一商品相对价格的上升,将导致该商品密集使用的生产要素的实际价格或报酬提高,而另一种生产要素的实际价格或报酬则下降。
FurtherconclusionofSS
国际贸易会提高该国丰富要素所有者的实际收入,降低稀缺要素所有者的实际收入。
Thefactor-abundancecountryprefersfreetrade,whilethefactor-scarcitycountrypreferstradebarriers.
30.TheLeontiefParadox的推理方法
AnempiricaltestoftheH-Otheorem
Themethodology—aninput-outputanalysis
Atechniqueofdecomposingaproductintothevaluesandquantitiesofthelabor,capital,andotherpotentialfactorsemployedintheproduct'
smanufacture.
31.ExplanationsfortheLeontiefParadox为什么会有悖论?
DifferentskilllevelsoflaborapproachbyKeesing
ThefindingisUSexportsembodiedahigherproportionofcategory
andalowerproportionofcategory
workersthantheexportsofothercountries.
Theproductcycletheory产品生命周期理论
1,Basicinformation(hypothesis):
TheimitationcyclehypothesisbyPosner
Animitationlag/Ademandlag
Thekeyfeatureisthecomparisonofthelengthoftheimitationlagwiththelengthofthedemandlag.
2,threestagesofthePCT及其特点
Newproductstage
TheproductisonlyproducedinUS
Firmswanttostayclosetothemarketanddetectconsumerresponse
Nointernationaltradetakesplace.
Maturingproductstage
Massproductiontechniquesaretobeadopted
Foreigndemandfortheproductgrows,butjustwithinthedevelopedcountries.
USfirmsbeginstoassesspossibilitiesofproducingabroadifthecostisfavorable.
WithdirectinvestmentbyUS,EuropemightbeabletounderselltheUSinthisproduct.
Standardizedproductstage
Productionmayshifttothedevelopingcountries
Thetheoryofdemandpreferencesimilarity(orincometradetheory)
ProposedbytheSwidisheconomistStaffanLinderin1961
hisconclusion:
a.themostintensivetradewouldexistbetweencountriesofthesameincomeorindustrializationlevelsratherthandissimilarlevels
b.thetheoryimpliedalargepartofinternationaltradewouldconsistoftheexchangeofsimilarorslightlydifferentiatedgoods
PartthreeTheinstrumentofthetradepolicy
32.Tariffbarriers的定义
Atariffisataxleviedonacommoditywhenitcrossestheboundaryofacustomsarea,whichincludesimporttariffandexporttariff.
33.Thepurposesoftariffs
Raisethetaxrevenuesforagovernment
Protectthedomesticmarketandindustry
Adjustthestructureofimportandexportcommoditybyreducingorincreasingt
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 国贸 重点 知识 梳理