全国硕士统考英语一真题及答案解析文档格式.docx

全国硕士统考英语一真题及答案解析文档格式.docx

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Which 

8 

isdownhill,inthisparticulararea?

Andwhereisthenearestwatersource?

Humansoverwhelminglyliveinvalleys,andonsuppliesoffreshwater. 

9 

ifyouheaddownhill,andfollowanyH2Oyoufind,youshould 

10 

seesignsofpeople.

Ifyou’veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsights—youmaybe 

11 

howquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyourbearings.

Another 

12 

:

Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation. 

13 

evenindenseforest,youshouldbeableto 

14 

gapsinthetreelineduetoroads,traintracks,andotherpathspeoplecarve 

15 

thewoods.Headtowardthese 

16 

tofindawayout.Atnight,scanthehorizonfor 

17 

lightsources,suchasfiresandstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowoflightpollution.

18 

assumingyou’relostinanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookforthe 

19 

weleaveonthelandscape.Trailblazes,tiretracks,andotherfeaturescan 

20 

youtocivilization.

1. 

[A]Some 

[B]Most 

[C]Few 

[D]All

2. 

[A]put 

[B]take 

[C]run 

[D]come

3. 

[A]Since 

[B] 

If 

[C] 

Though 

[D]Until

4. 

[A]formally 

relatively 

gradually 

[D] 

literally

5. 

[A] 

back 

next 

around 

away

6. 

[A]onto 

[B]off 

[C]across 

[D]alone

7. 

[A]unattractive 

uncrowded 

[C]unchanged 

[D]unfamiliar

8. 

site 

[B]point 

[C]way 

[D]place

9. 

So 

Yet 

[C]Instead 

[D]Besides

10. 

[A]immediately 

intentionally 

[C]unexpectedly 

eventually

11. 

[A]surprised 

[B]annoyed 

[C]frightened 

[D]confused

12. 

problem 

[B]option 

[C]view 

[D]result

13. 

Aboveall 

[B]Incontrast 

Onaverage 

Forexample

14. 

[A]bridge 

[B]avoid 

[C]spot 

[D]separate

15. 

from 

through 

[C]beyond 

under

16. 

posts 

[B]links 

[C]shades 

[D]breaks

17. 

artificial. 

mysterious. 

hidden. 

limited

18. 

Finally. 

Consequently 

incidentally 

Generally

19. 

memories 

marks. 

notes. 

belongings 

20. 

restrict. 

adopt.. 

lead. 

expose

SectionⅡReadingComprehension

PartA

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.（40points）

Text1

FinancialregulationsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebossesofbigbanks.Startingnextyear,anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed10yearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigationforwrongdoing.Themainpurposeofthis“clawback”ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitution.Yetofficialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:

morelongtermdecision-makingnotonlybybanksbutalsobuallcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.

“Short-termism”orthedesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpubliclytradedcompanies,saystheBankofEngland’stopeconomist.AndrewHaldane.Hequotesagiantofclassicaleconomies,AlfredMarshall,indescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike“Childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce”ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeatenlast.

TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain,henotes,hasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.Transientinvestors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirm’seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty.Thishasbeendubbed“quarterlycapitalism”.

Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofequities,quickeruseofinformation,andthusshortensattentionspansinfinancialmarkers.“Thereseemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseoflong-terminvesting,”saidCommissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesandExchangeCommissioninspeechthisweek.

IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyActof2002haspushedmostpubliccompaniestodeferperformancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelpingreduce“short-termism.”InitslatestsurveyofCEOpay,TheWallStreetJournalfindsthat“asubstantialpart”ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.

Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage“long-termism,”suchaschangesinthetaxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.InFrance,shareholderswhoholdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimesearnmorevotingrightsinacompany.

Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesforexecutivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandonbehalfofallstakeholders.Britain’snewruleisaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestintheirperformance,notjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm.

21.AccordingtoParagraph1,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleisthe_________.

A.enhancebanker’ssenseofresponsibility

B.helpcorporationsachievelargerprofits

C.buildanewsystemoffinancialregulation

D.guaranteethebonusesoftopexecutives

22.AlfredMarshallisquotedtoindicate_________.

A.theconditionsforgeneratingquickprofits

B.governments’impatienceindecision-making

C.thesolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompanies

D.“short-termism”ineconomicsactivities

23.Itisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompaniescanbe__________.

A.indirect

B.adverse

C.minimal

D.temporary

24.TheUSandFranceexamplesareusedtoillustrate____________.

A.theobstaclestopreventing“short-termism”.

B.thesignificanceoflong-termthinking.

C.theapproachestopromoting“long-termism”.

D.theprevalenceofshort-termthinking.

25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.FailureofQuarterlyCapitalism

B.PatienceasaCorporateVirtue

C.DecisivenessRequiredofTopExecutives

D.FrustrationofRisk-takingBankers

Text2

Gradeinflation--thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs（grade-pointaverages）overthepastfewdecades—isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.Butanother,relatedforce—apolicyoftenburieddeepincoursecatalogscalled“gradeforgiveness”—ishelpingraiseGPAs.

Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceivedalowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcountsincalculatingastudent’soverallGPA.

Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascollegescontinuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool（andpayingtuition）andimprovetheirgraduationrates.Whenthispracticefirststarteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.Butnowmostcollegessaveformanyselectivecampuses,allowallundergraduates,andevengraduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.

Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessislessaboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecoursescriticaltotheirdegreeprogramandgraduationwithoutincurringabigpenalty.“Untimely,”saidJackMiner,OhioStateUniversity’sregistrar,“weseestudentsachievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterinsubsequentcontentsormasterthecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontime.”

Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescolleges’ownneedsaswell.Forpublicinstitutions,statefundsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretention—sobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,meanmoremoney.AndanythingthatraisesGPAswilllikelymakestudents—who,attheendoftheday,arepayingthebill—feelthey’vegottenabettervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbigconcernforcolleges.

Indeed,gradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesarerespondingtoconsumers’expectationsforhighereducation.Sincestudentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschooltoturnoutgraduateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible—oratleastappeartobe.Onthis,students’andcolleges’incentivesseemtobealigned.

26.Whatiscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflation?

A.Thechangeofcoursecatalogs.

B.Students’indifferencetoGPAS.

C.Colleges’neglectofGPAS.

D.Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.

27.Whatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgiveness?

A.Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.

B.Tomaintaincolleges’graduationrates.

C.Topreparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.

D.Toincreaseuniversities’incomefromtuition.

28.AccordingtoParagraph