The RoleIIWord文件下载.docx
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The RoleIIWord文件下载.docx
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Thankyou,tomygoodfriendAcademyPresidentCanny,toProvostHegartyofTrinityCollege,membersoftheRoyalIrishAcademy,andhonoredguests.AsIanticipatedjoiningyouheretoday,astorycametomindthatinvolvesthepoetRobertFrost,whenhewasinvitedtoreadapoematthepresidentialinaugurationofJohnF.Kennedy,Harvard'
smostfamousIrish-Americangraduate.AtsomepointaftertheceremonyFrostsupposedlyleanedovertothenewpresidentandsaid,"
You'
vesomethingofIrishandsomethingofHarvard.Letmeadviseyou,bemoreIrishthanHarvard."
Ifearthat,withme,thebalancetiltsintheotherdirectionandthatyouwillbegettingagreatdealofHarvard-oratleastofreflectionsmyexperiencetherehasgenerated.ButIwanttotakethismoment,whensomuchattentionisbeingfocusedonuniversitieshereinIrelandandelsewhere,toconsidertheplaceoftheuniversityinachangingandglobalizingworld.YourownNicholasCannyinhisSeptember2008President'
sReportcalledforthisAcademytoplayaroleinthediscussionofthesecriticalissues,serving,asheputit,asa"
universityoftheuniversities."
Iamhonoredtohavetheopportunitytobepartofthatconversation.
Prevailingdiscourse,familiarsinceatleastthe1990s,emphasizestheuniversity'
splaceasaparamountplayerinaglobalsystemincreasinglydrivenbyknowledge,informationandideas.Weliveinatimewhenknowledgeisevermorevitaltooursocietiesandeconomies,inaworldofrapidlycirculatingcapitalandpeopleandofrevolutionarycommunicationtechnologies.Knowledgeisreplacingotherresourcesasthemaindriverofeconomicgrowth,andeducationhasincreasinglybecomethefoundationforindividualprosperityandsocialmobility.IntheUnitedStates,arecentsurveyfoundthattheproportionofindividualswhobelievehighereducationtobe"
absolutelynecessary"
forsuccessincreasedfrom31%in2000to55%in2009.Datasupportstheseperceptions:
AU.S.CensusBureaustudyin2002foundthatacollege-educatedAmericanearnsabouttwiceasmuchoveralifetimeasonewithjustasecondarydiploma.
Highereducationgeneratesbroadereconomicgrowthaswellasindividualsuccess.Forexample,arecentstudydeterminedthatuniversitiescontributednearly60billionpoundstotheeconomyoftheUnitedKingdomin2007-08.And,ofcourse,thisimpactisnotjustnationalbutglobal.Afermentofideasandinnovationaccompaniesproliferatingexchangesoffacultyandstudents.UNESCOreportsa57%increaseinthenumbersofthosestudyingoutsidetheirhomecountriesinjustthepastdecade.AtHarvard,wehaveseenafourfoldincreaseinstudyabroadduringtheundergraduateyears.Andnowmoreinternationalstudentscometousaswell—20%ofourtotaluniversity-widestudentpopulation.Inadigitalage,ideasandaspirationsrespectfewboundaries.Thenewknowledgeeconomyisnecessarilyglobal,andthereachofuniversitiesmustbesoaswell.
Considerafewrecentexamplesofthiscurrentofgrowth,exchangeandcollaboration:
•TheEuropeanUnion'
srecentlyexpandedstudyabroadprogram,Erasmus,sendshundredsofthousandsofstudentsandfacultyto4,000institutionsin33countrieseachyear.
•ThePersianGulfStateshaverecruitedinternationalbranchcampuseswithinvestmentsinthehundredsofmillionsofdollars—EducationCityinDohainvolvessixAmericanuniversitieson14squarekilometersofland;
NewYorkUniversity'
snewAbuDhabicampusopensthisfall,admittingjust2%oftheapplicantpoolandenrollingstudentsfrom39countries.Wecancountatleast162branchcampusesofWesternuniversitiesinAsiaandtheMiddleEast—a43%increaseinjustthreeyears.
•Singaporehosts90,000internationalstudentsaswellasacampusofINSEAD,theglobalbusinessschool,andprogramswithatleastfourAmericanuniversities.
•Chinahasengineeredanexplosioninhighereducation,themostdramaticinhumanhistory.Between1999and2005,thenumberofdegreeearnersquadrupled—tomorethan3million.Chinaisexpectedbytheendofthiscalendaryeartobecometheworld'
slargestproducerofPh.D.scientistsandengineers.
•InIndia,thenumbersattendinguniversitiesdoubledinthe1990s,anddemandcontinuestosurge.India'
sHumanResourceDevelopmentMinisterhasstatedthatIndianeeds800newinstitutionsofhighereducationby2020inordertoraisetheageparticipationrate—thepercentageofcollege-agepopulationenrolledininstitutionsofhighereducation—from12.4%to30%.
•HereinIrelandthatageparticipationrateincreasedfrom11%in1965to57%in2003.Yourglobaloutreachhasexpandedsignificantlyaswell.Youronlineportalforopen-accessresearch,RIAN,wentlivethismonth,invitinggreaterinternationalcollaboration;
TrinityandUniversityCollegeDublin'
snewInnovationAlliance,andthisAcademy'
sjointinnovationventure,leveragenationalandinternationalconnections,buildingonawell-establishedcapacityfortechnologicalinnovationandentrepreneurshipatIrishuniversities.
Wehaveseentheseborderlesspartnershipsflourishinwaysthattrulymatter—improvinglivesindramaticways.
IhadtheprivilegeofwitnessingoneremarkableexampleofsuchaninitiativefirsthandwhenItravelledtoBotswanalastfall.AcollaborationbetweenHarvardandthegovernmentofBotswanahasoveradecadeandahalfmadesignificantprogressinAIDSpreventionandtreatment.Oneofitsgreatestsuccesseshasbeeninallbuteliminatingmother-childtransmissionofHIV/AIDSinastudypopulation.Itwasanunforgettablelessonforthisuniversitypresidentaboutthekindofdifferenceourinstitutionscanmake—alessonrenderedpowerfullyrealwhenImetwithagroupofthemothersandtheirhealthy,bright-eyedchildren.WhenIaskedonewomanaboutherhopesforherthree-year-olddaughter,shesmiledandreplied,"
IwanthertogotoHarvard."
Oftenuniversities'
internationalinitiativesareframedasacompetitivenecessity—forthestandingofourinstitutions,fortheglobalsuccessofournationsandtheireconomies.Butifthesearecompetitions,theyareonesinwhicheveryonecanwin—throughthepartnershipstheygenerate,intheopportunitiestheyopen,inthefieldsandthemindstheyexpand.Indeed,asotherinstitutionsfalterindispiritingsuccession,universitiesnurturethehopesoftheworld:
insolvingchallengesthatcrossborders;
inunlockingandharnessingnewknowledge;
inbuildingculturalandpoliticalunderstanding;
andinmodelingenvironmentsthatpromotedialogueanddebate.
Thisdescriptioncapturesanessentialpartofwhatuniversitiesareandwhyweneedthem,whywehavelookedtothemaszonesofopennesssincethefirstStudiaGeneraliainParisandBolognaattractedstudentsfromacrossmedievalEuropetostudylaw,theology,philosophyandmedicine,disciplinesthateventhenextendedbeyondnationsandacrossborders.
Yet,in2010,evenaswemarvelatthepaceofexpansioninhighereducationacrosstheglobe,evenaswearoundtheworldcollectivelyacknowledgeitscriticalandever-increasingimportance,evenaswerecognizeitsnecessarilyglobalscope,weseeitsfutureimperiled.Wefindthattheglobaleconomiccrisishasslowedourcross-bordermomentum.Theworldseemsalittleless"
flat,"
andsomeobserversclaimthattherecessionhasdrivenglobalizationintoretreat.Astheworldoscillatesbetweenopennessandinsularity,manyworrythatweareenteringamoreinward-lookingperiod,whenstatesbegintoresurrectoldboundariesandnationalconcernstrumpinternationalaspirations.Wesawsomeearlyindicationsofincreasedinsularityinthemonthsafter9/11,whentightenedsecurityimposednewhurdlesforinternationalstudents.WeatHarvardworkedtoassiststudentswithvisadifficulties,butwestillsawnumbersdiminishforatime,andinternationalfacultyencounteredobstaclesaswell.ThenumbersofinternationalstudentsatHarvardandacrosstheUnitedStateshavenowreturnedtoearlierlevels,butsecurityconcernscontinuetoinhibiteaseofmovementformanywhowishtocrossborderstostudyortoundertakeresearchcollaborations.
Fearsofeconomiccompetitionfromtheglobalrecessionhavealsointensifiedresistancetoimmigration,sentimentspowerfullydemonstratedintheUnitedStatesintherecentlawspassedinArizonathathavesparkednationwideprotests.Talentcomeswithmanydifferentpassports,andasweatuniversitiesworktoattractandnurturethemostpromisingandcreativeminds,wefindourpurposeschallengedbylegislationthatwouldlimitaccessforsuchindividualsorprohibitthemfromusingtheireducationtocontributetooursociety.VenturecapitalistJohnDoerr,distressedattherequirementthatsomanyinternationalstudentsarecompelledtoleavetheUnitedStatesafterfinishingtheireducation,remarkedthatweoughttobestaplingthe"
greencards"
thatpermitextendedU.S.residenceandemploymenttothediplomaofeveryforeigngraduate.AtHarvardwewereforcefullyremindedoftheseimmigrationissuesjustthismonthwhenoneofourundergraduateswasdetainedbytheimmigrationauthoritiesashetriedtoboardaplane.HewasreturningtoworkinalaboratoryatHarvardforthesummerfromhishomeinTexas,wherehehadlivedsincehismotherbroughthimtothecountryillegallywhenhewasfouryearsold.Hisstoryofachievementinfaceofdauntingoddsisacompellingone,anditgarneredwidespreadsupport—notjustfromusatHarvard,butalsofrompowerfulvoicesinWashington,U.S.SenatorRichardDurbin,andMassachusetts'
sSe
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