RESEARCH PROPOSAL STAKEHOLDER RELATIONSWord文档格式.docx
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RESEARCH PROPOSAL STAKEHOLDER RELATIONSWord文档格式.docx
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∙CorporateSocialResponsibility(CSR)
∙StakeholderRelations
∙StakeholderManagement
∙StakeholderSalience
2.ABSTRACT
TheconceptofCSRhasevolvedovertheyearstoapointnowwherealmosteveryoneseesitasthewaytogo,especiallywithregardstomeetingorganisationalaimsandobjectivesaswellasimprovingthelivesofstakeholders.Thishasbeenacceptedbydifferentcompaniesandorganisationsinvariouswaysatvaryingdegrees.TherehavebeenafewincidentsintheNigerianoilindustryinrecenttimesthathavenotbeenverypositive,inmostcasesinvolvingthedifferentstakeholdersintheindustry.Thismakesitexpedientthatthisresearchlooksatthekindorrelationshipexistingbetweenthevariousstakeholderswithintheindustry,withafocusonthemajorstakeholders.ThisismainlybasedonapreviousresearchworkcarriedoutatMasterslevelonthesameindustrywithafocusontheHostcommunitiesasstakeholdersintheindustry.
3.RESEARCHAIMS
Theaimsofthisresearchworkareasfollows;
∙ToinvestigatetherelationshipthatexistsbetweenstakeholdersintheNigerianoilindustry.
∙TofindouttheroleofCSRinstakeholderrelationsintheNigerianOilindustry.
∙TounderstandtheroleofCSRintheimprovementofstakeholderrelationsintheindustry.
∙ToexplorethevariouswaysbywhichstakeholderrelationscanenhancethepracticeofCSRintheindustry.
4.LITERATUREREVIEW
TheconceptsofCSRandStakeholderrelationshavebeenobjectsofheateddebatesfordecadesnow,bothinthebusinessworldaswellastheacademia.Theyhavebothbeendefinedbyvariouspeopleasmeaningvariousthings,sotherearedifferentdefinitionsofwhatconstitutesbothconcepts.
ThereisyettobeanagreementastowhatconstitutesagenerallyacceptedmeaningofCSR.VotawandSethi(1973inGobbels,2002)gavecredencetothiswhentheyconcludedthatitisoneconceptthatmeanssomething,butnotalwaysthesamethingtoeveryone.Henderson(2001)hassuggestedthatthereisnosolidandwelldevelopedconsensuswhichprovidesabasisforaction.Ithasevolvedovertheyearsintermsofdefinitionaswellasterminology.Thiswasfirstreferredtoassocialresponsibilitymainlyinthe50swhenBowen(1953)viewedastheobligationofbusinessestopursuepolicies,decisionsorlinesofactionsthataredesirabletoinlinewiththeobjectivesandvaluesofsociety.Davis(1960)agreedwithBowen’sideaoflookingatitfromthepointofabusiness’decisionsandactions,buttookitastepfurtherbyunderliningthefactsuchshouldbeundertakenatleastpartiallybeyondthefirm’seconomicandtechnicalinterest.BowenseemedtohavehadacontemporaryinMcGuire(1963),butthelattertookastepfurtherstillbybeingmorespecificwhenhepointedoutthatthedecisionsbeingtalkedaboutoughttobetakenbeyondeconomicandlegalexpectations.DavisandBlomstrom(1966)broughtinanotherdimensionintothediscussionbyintroducingtheangleofeffectsofthebusiness’actionsanddecisionsonothersoutsideofitself.In1967,Waltondugupwhatcouldbereferredtoasthefirsttraceofthestakeholdertheoryintheareawhenhepointedoutthattheconceptwasallabouttheintimaterelationshipsbetweensocietyandthecorporationsthatoperatewithinthemandthatthismustbeborneinmindbytopmanagersoftheseinthepursuanceoftheirgoals.Friedman(1970)indiscussingtheissueconsideredthesocialresponsibilityofbusinesstobetoonlyuseitsresourcesandactivitiestoincreaseprofitforthebusinesssolongastheyremainwithintheconfinesoflegality.TheCommitteeforEconomicDevelopment(CED)in1971sparkeduptheissueofasocialcontractbetweenbusinessandsocietywhenitinsistedthatbusinessfunctionsbasedonpublicconsentandisbasicallytheretomeettheneedsofsocietywhichitmustdotothesatisfactionofthelatter.Inhisview,Fitch(1976)sawCSRasaresponsebycorporationstoseriouslysolveorhandleproblemsthatwerecausedbythemeitherwhollyorpartially.Carroll(1979)gaveahintthattheconceptencompassedtheeconomic,legal,ethicalanddiscretionaryexpectationsthatsocietyhasofbusinessataparticularpointintime.TheideaofthestrategicimportanceofCSRinbusinesswasscratchedbyDrucker(1984)whenhenotedthatprofitabilityandresponsibilitieswerenotjustcompatible,butthatbusinessesshouldstartthinkingofconvertingtheirsocialresponsibilitiesintobusinessopportunities.Moir(2001inCrowtherandAras,2008)positsthatitisconsideredtobeisconditional;
implyingthatwhatabusinesswilldointhenameofCSRisdependentontheeconomicperspectiveofsuchabusiness.
AllthesemakeupwhatcanbecalledthedifferentshadesofopinionwhenitcomestothedefinitionoftheconceptofCSR,butseemstohaverecurringthemessuchastheeconomic,legal,societal,ethical,anddiscretionaryobligationsofbusinesstoitsdifferentstakeholders.Thisimpliesthattherecanhardlybetheconceptorpracticeoftheconceptwithoutrecoursetothepeopleaffectedbyit,whicharethosereferredtoasstakeholders.Thisisunderlinedbythereferenceofamajorityofthedefinitionstostakeholders,bringingintherelevanceofstakeholderrelationsinanyCSRdiscourseorresearch.
Therearediversematerialsandarticleswrittenbyscholarsonwhoconstitutethestakeholdersofacompany(Alkhfaji,1989;
Thompsonetal,1991;
Clarkson,1994;
Langtry,1994;
DonaldsonandPreston,1995),butthedefinitionputforwardbyFreeman(1984)hassincebeenpopularlyregardedasaclassicdefinition.Hesaidthat‘’astakeholderinanorganizationisanygrouporindividualwhocanaffectorisaffectedbytheachievementoftheorganization’sobjectives’’.Thisdefinitionimpliesthatthestakeholderscanbenumerousdependingonwhatisusedasthebasisforcategorization.DonaldsonandPreston(1995)groupedthesestakeholdersintoInvestors,Employees,Customers,Suppliers,Governments,Communities,TradeAssociationsandPoliticalGroups.PorterandKramer(2006)positedthattherelationshipbetweenacompanyanditsstakeholdersisusuallybidirectional,sotheyproposedtheaspectsofinside-outandoutside-in.Theyfurtheremphasizedthatsincetherearevariousstakeholdersinterestedinthecompany,itbecomesexpedientthatthelatterweighssuchinterestsbecausenotallclaimstolegitimacyorvehemencebyvariousgroupsreflecttheimportanceofanissueeithertothecompanyortheworld.
Mictelletal(1997)indicatedthatitispossiblefortheclaimsorinfluenceofparticularstakeholderstobeweightedandtheirimportancebroughttolightbyassessingtheirPower,LegitimacyandUrgency.ThisresearchintryingtofindoutwhatrelationshipexistbetweenthevariousstakeholdersintheNigerianOilindustrywillusethestakeholderssaliencetheoryproposedbyMitchelletal(1997)aswellasotherrelevantstakeholdermanagementtheories.
5.RESEARCHQUESTION
TheprimaryresearchquestionforthisresearchiswhatcanbeconsideredtobetheroleofCSRintheimprovementofstakeholderrelationsintheNigerianoilindustry.Inordertoanswerthisquestionandmeettheaimsofthisresearch,attemptswillbemadetoanswerthefollowingsub-questions;
∙HowdostakeholderrelationsaffectthepracticeofCSRintheindustry?
∙Whatisthelevelofsaliencepossessedbythevariousstakeholdersintheindustry?
6.DATACOLLECTION
Thestrengthofwhateverisfoundislargelydependentonhowitwasfound(Kumar,2005),especiallywhenitinvolveshumans.Thestrategyinvolvesboththehistoricalandcasestudymethodswhichareapproachestostudyingsocialphenomenabythoroughlyanalysinganindividualcaseoveraperiodoftime(ibid.).Thisisbasedontheassumptionthattheparticularcaseinquestionistypicalofothers,sogeneralisationscanbemade.
Datawillbecollectedusingbothsecondaryandprimarysources.Secondarysourceswillincludedocumentsandpublicationsfromgovernment,companies,Non-GovernmentalOrganizations(NGOs),theinternetandNewspapers.Primarydatawillbegatheredusingsemi-structuredinterviews,focusgroups,questionnairesandobservation.Itisdifficulttoquantifyvariablesinsocialresearch,whichisalsothemajorproblemswithsocialreportingofcompanyactivitiesandthismakestheuseofthesemethodsnecessary.Mostoftheresearchersreferredtoearlierinthisproposalhavemadeuseofthesemethodsbecauseofthispeculiarity.
Theinterviewsandquestionnaireswillbeadministeredtorespondentsthatwillbeselectedfromthepopulationviarandomsampling.Thereasonforthisistocreateroomforaproperrepresentationofthedifferentsegmentsoftheindustry,bothpublicandprivateofficers.Thiswillhelpusgetthefactsclearsincetheyareallcontributorstowhatconstitutesstakeholderrelationswithintheindustryhemakingofthecompany'
scultureeitherdirectlyorindirectly.
Intervieweeswillbemadeupofofficialsofthevariouscompanies,governmentofficials,membersofthecommunitieswherethesecompaniesoperateandrepresentativesofNGOs.Thesecompaniestobestudiedwillbechosenbasedonhowwelltheyhavedonewithregardstotheirrelationshipwithotherstakeholdersintheindustry.Theseinterviewswillbearrangedinadvanceviabothofficialandpersonalcontacts.Questionnaireswillbeadministeredtoanumberofpersonswithinandoutsidethechosencompany(population)usingsimplerandomsampling(ibid.)andalsodistributedonlineusingnetworkingsitestoaccessrespondents.Theseq
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