计算机外文翻译完整Word格式.docx
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计算机外文翻译完整Word格式.docx
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TheHistoryoftheInternet
附件:
1.外文原文2.外文资料翻译译文;
附件1:
外文原文
TheHistoryoftheInternet
TheBeginning-ARPAnet
TheInternetstartedasaprojectbytheUSgovernment.Theobjectoftheprojectwastocreateameansofcommunicationsbetweenlongdistancepoints,intheeventofanationwideemergencyor,morespecifically,nuclearwar.TheprojectwascalledARPAnet,anditiswhattheInternetstartedas.Fundedspecificallyformilitarycommunication,theengineersresponsibleforARPANethadnoideaofthepossibilitiesofan"
Internet."
Bydefinition,an'
Internet'
isfourormorecomputersconnectedbyanetwork.
ARPAnetachieveditsnetworkbyusingaprotocolcalledTCP/IP.Thebasicsaroundthisprotocolwasthatifinformationsentoveranetworkfailedtogetthroughononeroute,itwouldfindanotherroutetoworkwith,aswellasestablishingameansforonecomputerto"
talk"
toanothercomputer,regardlessofwhetheritwasaPCoraMacintosh.
Bythe80'
sARPAnet,justyearsawayfrombecomingthemorewellknownInternet,had200computers.TheDefenseDepartment,satisfiedwithARPAnetsresults,decidedtofullyadoptitintoservice,andconnectedmanymilitarycomputersandresourcesintothenetwork.ARPAnetthenhad562computersonitsnetwork.Bytheyear1984,ithadover1000computersonitsnetwork.
In1986ARPAnet(supposedly)shutdown,butonlytheorganizationshut
down,andtheexistingnetworksstillexistedbetweenthemorethan1000
computers.ItshutdownduetoafailiedlinkupwithNSF,whowantedto
connectits5countywidesupercomputersintoARPAnet.
WiththefundingofNSF,newhighspeedlinesweresuccessfullyinstalled
atlinespeedsof56k(anormalmodemnowadays)throughtelephonelines
in1988.Bythattime,therewere28,174computersonthe(bythendecided)Internet.In1989therewere80,000computersonit.By1989,therewere290,000.
Anothernetworkwasbuilttosupporttheincrediblenumberofpeople
joining.Itwasconstructedin1992.
Today-TheInternet
Today,theInternethasbecomeoneofthemostimportanttechnologicaladvancementsinthehistoryofhumanity.Everyonewantstoget'
online'
toexperiencethewealthofinformationoftheInternet.MillionsofpeoplenowusetheInternet,andit'
spredictedthatbytheyear2003everysinglepersonontheplanetwillhaveInternetaccess.TheInternethastrulybecomeawayoflifeinourtimeandera,andisevolvingsoquicklyitshardtodeterminewhereitwillgonext,ascomputerandnetworktechnologyimproveeveryday.
HOWITWORKS:
It'
sastandardthing.PeopleusingtheInternet.Shopping,playinggames,conversinginvirtualInternetenvironments.
TheInternetisnota'
thing'
itself.TheInternetcannotjust"
crash."
Itfunctionsthesamewayasthetelephonesystem,onlythereisnoInternetcompanythatrunstheInternet.
TheInternetisacollectionofmillioinsofcomputersthatareallconnectedtoeachother,orhavethemeanstoconnecttoeachother.TheInternetisjustlikeanofficenetwork,onlyithasmillionsofcomputersconnectedtoit.
ThemainthingabouthowtheInternetworksiscommunication.HowdoesacomputerinHoustonknowhowtoaccessdataonacomputerinTokyotoviewawebpage?
Internetcommunication,communicationamongcomputersconnectedtotheInternet,isbasedonalanguage.ThislanguageiscalledTCP/IP.TCP/IPestablishesalanguageforacomputertoaccessandtransmitdataovertheInternetsystem.
ButTCP/IPassumesthatthereisaphysicalconnecetionbetweenonecomputerandanother.Thisisnotusuallythecase.TherewouldhavetobeanetworkwirethatwenttoeverycomputerconnectedtotheInternet,butthatwouldmaketheInternetimpossibletoaccess.
Thephysicalconnectionthatisrequireedisestablishedbywayofmodems,phonelines,andothermodemcableconnections(likecablemodemsorDSL).Modemsoncomputersreadandtransmitdataoverestablishedlines,whichcouldbephonelinesordatalines.Theactualhardcoreconnectionsareestablishedamongcomputerscalledrouters.
Arouterisacomputerthatservesasatrafficcontrollerforinformation.
Toexplainthisbetter,let'
slookathowastandardcomputermightviewawebpage.
1.Theuser'
scomputerdialsintoanInternetServiceProvider(ISP).TheISPmightinturnbeconnectedtoanotherISP,orastraightconnectionintotheInternetbackbone.
2.TheuserlaunchesawebbrowserlikeNetscapeorInternetExplorerandtypesinaninternetlocationtogoto.
3.Here'
swherethetrickypartcomesin.First,thecomputersendsdataaboutit'
sdatarequesttoarouter.Arouterisaveryhighspeedpowerfulcomputerrunningspecialsoftware.Thecollectionofroutersintheworldmakewhatiscalleda"
backbone,"
onwhichallthedataontheInternetistransferred.Thebackbonepresentlyoperatesataspeedofseveralgigabytesper-second.Suchaspeedcomparedtoanormalmodemislikecomparingtheheatofthesuntotheheatofanice-cube.
Routershandledatathatisgoingbackandforth.Arouterputssmallchunksofdataintopackagescalledpackets,whichfunctionsimilarlytoenvelopes.So,whentherequestforthewebpagegoesthrough,itusesTCP/IPprotocolstotelltherouterwhattodowiththedata,whereit'
sgoing,andoverallwheretheuserwantstogo.
4.Theroutersendsthesepacketstootherrouters,eventuallyleadingtothetargetcomputer.It'
slikewhisperdownthelane(onlytheinformationremainsintact).
5.Whentheinformationreachesthetargetwebserver,thewebserverthenbeginstosendthewebpageback.Awebserveristhecomputerwherethewebpageisstoredthatisrunningaprogramthathandlesrequestsforthewebpageandsendsthewebpagetowhoeverwantstoseeit.
6.Thewebpageisputinpackets,sentthroughrouters,andarriveattheuserscomputerwheretheusercanviewthewebpageonceitisassembled.
Thepacketswhichcontainthedataalsocontainspecialinformationthatletsroutersandothercomputersknowhowtoreassemblethedataintherightorder.
Withmillionsofwebpages,andmillionsofusers,usingtheInternetisnotalwayseasyforabeginninguser,especiallyforsomeonewhoisnotentirelycomfortalewithusingcomputers.BelowyoucanfindtipstricksandhelponhowtousemainservicesoftheInternet.
Beforeyouaccesswebpages,youmusthaveawebbrowsertoactuallybeabletoviewthewebpages.MostInternetAccessProvidersprovideyouwithawebbrowserinthesoftwaretheyusuallygivetocustomers;
you.Thefactthatyouareviewingthispagemeansthatyouhaveawebbrowser.ThetoptwousebrowsersareNetscapeCommunicatorandMicrosoftInternetExplorer.NetscapecanbefoundatandMSIEcanbefoundat
Thefactthatyou'
rereadingthisrightnowmeansthatyouhaveawebbrowser.
Nextyoumustbefamiliarwithactuallyusingwebpages.Awebpageisacollectionofhyperlinks,images,text,forms,menus,andmultimedia.To"
navigate"
awebpage,simplyclickthelinksitprovidesorfollowit'
sowninstructions(likeifithasaformyouneedtouse,itwillprobablyinstructyouhowtouseit).Basically,everythingaboutawebpageismadetobeself-explanetory.Thatisthenatureofawebpage,tobeeasilynavigatable.
"
Ohno!
a404error!
'
Cannotfindwebpage?
'
isacommonremarkmadebynewweb-users.
Sometimeswebsiteshaveerrors.Butanerroronawebsiteisnottheuser'
sfault,ofcourse.
A404errormeansthatthepageyoutriedtogotodoesnotexist.Thiscouldbebecausethesiteisstillbeingconstructedandthepagehasn'
tbeencreatedyet,orbecausethesiteauthormadeatypointhepage.There'
snothingmuchtodoabouta404errorexceptfore-mailingthesiteadministrator(ofthepageyouwantedtogoto)antellinghim/herabouttheerror.
AJavascripterroristheresultofaprogrammingerrorintheJavascriptcodeofawebsite.NotallwebsitesutilizeJavascript,butmanydo.JavascriptisdifferentfromJava,andmostbrowsersnowsupportJavascript.Ifyouareusinganoldversionofawebbrowser(Netscape3.0forexample),youmightgetJavascripterrorsbecausesitesutilizeJavascriptversionsthatyourbrowserdoesnotsupport.So,youcantrygettinganewerversionofyourwebbrowser.
E-mailstandsforElectronicMail,andthat'
swhatitis.E-mailenablespeopletosendletters,andevenfilesandpicturestoeachother.
Tousee-mail,youmusthaveane-mailclient,whichisjustlikeapersonalpostoffice,sinceitretrievesandstorese-mail.
Secondly,youmusthaveane-mailaccount.MostInternetServiceProvidersprovidefreee-mailaccount(s)forfree.Someservicesofferfreee-mail,likeHotmail,andGeocities.
Afterconfiguringyoure-mailclientwithyourPOP3andSMTPserveraddress(youre-mailproviderwillgiveyouthatinformation),youarereadytoreceivemail.
Anattachmentisafilesentinaletter.Ifsomeonesendsyouanattachmentandyoudon'
tknowwhoitis,don'
trunthefile,ever.Itcouldbeavirusorsomeotherkindofnastyprograms.Youcan'
tgetavirusjustbyreadinge-mail,you'
llhavetophysicallyexecutesomeformofprogramforavirustostrike.
Asignatureisafeatureofmanye-mailprograms.Asignatureisaddedtotheendofeverye-mailyousendout.Youcanputatextgraphic,yourbusinessinformation,anythingyouwant.
ImaginethatacomputerontheInternetisanislandinthesea.Theseaisfilledwithmillionsofislands.ThisistheInternet.Imagineanislandcommunicateswithotherislandbysendingshipstootherislandsandreceivingships.Theislandhasportstoacceptands
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