1998年考研英语答案Word文档格式.docx
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1998年考研英语答案Word文档格式.docx
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thattheperiodfrom1650to1750was50bygreatpoverty,andthatindustrializationcertainlydidnotworsenandmayhaveactuallyimprovedtheconditionsforthemajorityofthepopulace.
41.[a]admitted[b]believed[c]claimed[d]predicted
42.[a]plain[b]average[c]mean[d]normal
43.[a]momentary[b]prompt[c]instant[d]immediate
44.[a]bulk[b]host[c]gross[d]magnitude
45.[a]on[b]with[c]for[d]by
46.[a]broadly[b]thoroughly[c]generally[d]completely
47.[a]however[b]meanwhile[c]therefore[d]moreover
48.[a]at[b]in[c]about[d]for
49.[a]manifested[b]approved[c]shown[d]speculated
50.[a]noted[b]impressed[c]labeled[d]marked
sectioniiireadingcomprehension
eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked
[a],[b],[c]and[d].readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.thenmarkyouranswerontheanswersheet1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)
text1
fewcreationsofbigtechnologycapturetheimaginationlikegiantdams.perhapsitishumankind?
slongsufferingatthemercyoffloodanddroughtthatmakestheideaofforcingthewaterstodoourbiddingsofascinating.buttobefascinatedisalso,sometimes,tobeblind.severalgiantdamprojectsthreatentodomoreharmthangood.
thelessonfromdamsisthatbigisnotalwaysbeautiful.itdoesn?
thelpthatbuildingabig,powerfuldamhasbecomeasymbolofachievementfornationsandpeoplestrivingtoassertthemselves.egypt?
sleadershipinthearabworldwascementedbytheaswanhighdam.turkey?
sbidforfirstworldstatusincludesthegiantataturkdam.
butbigdamstendnottoworkasintended.theaswandam,forexample,stoppedthenilefloodingbutdeprivedegyptofthefertilesiltthatfloodsleft--allinreturnforagiantreservoirofdiseasewhichisnowsofullofsiltthatitbarelygenerateselectricity.
andyet,themythofcontrollingthewaterspersists.thisweek,intheheartofcivilizedeurope,slovaksandhungariansstoppedjustshortofsendinginthetroopsintheircontentionoveradamonthedanube.thehugecomplexwillprobablyhavealltheusualproblemsofbigdams.butslovakiaisbiddingforindependencefromtheczechs,andnowneedsadamtoproveitself.
meanwhile,inindia,theworldbankhasgiventhego-aheadtotheevenmorewrong-headednarmadadam.andthebankhasdonethiseventhoughitsadvisorssaythedamwillcausehardshipforthepowerlessandenvironmentaldestruction.thebenefitsareforthepowerful,buttheyarefarfromguaranteed.
proper,scientificstudyoftheimpactsofdamsandofthecostandbenefitsofcontrollingwatercanhelptoresolvetheseconflicts.hydroelectricpowerandfloodcontrolandirrigationarepossiblewithoutbuildingmonsterdams.butwhenyouaredealingwithmyths,itishardtobeeitherproper,orscientific.itistimethattheworldlearnedthelessonsofaswan.youdon?
tneedadamtobesaved.
51.thethirdsentenceofparagraph1impliesthat________.
[a]peoplewouldbehappyiftheyshuttheireyestoreality
[b]theblindcouldbehappierthanthesighted
[c]over-excitedpeopletendtoneglectvitalthings
[d]fascinationmakespeoplelosetheireyesight
52.inparagraph5,“thepowerless”probablyrefersto________.
[a]areasshortofelectricity
[b]damswithoutpowerstations
[c]poorcountriesaroundindia
[d]commonpeopleinthenarmadadamarea
53.whatisthemythconcerninggiantdams?
[a]theybringinmorefertilesoil.
[b]theyhelpdefendthecountry.
[c]theystrengtheninternationalties.
[d]theyhaveuniversalcontrolofthewaters.
54.whattheauthortriestosuggestmaybestbeinterpretedas________.
[a]“it?
snousecryingoverspiltmilk”
[b]“morehaste,lessspeed”
[c]“lookbeforeyouleap”
[d]“hewholaughslastlaughsbest”
text2
well,nogainwithoutpain,theysay.butwhataboutpainwithoutgain?
everywhereyougoinamerica,youheartalesofcorporaterevival.whatishardertoestablishiswhethertheproductivityrevolutionthatbusinessmenassumetheyarepresidingoverisforreal.
theofficialstatisticsaremildlydiscouraging.theyshowthat,ifyoulumpmanufacturingandservicestogether,productivityhasgrownonaverageby1.2%since1987.thatissomewhatfasterthantheaverageduringthepreviousdecade.andsince1991,productivityhasincreasedbyabout2%ayear,whichismorethantwicethe1978-87average.thetroubleisthatpartoftherecentaccelerationisduetotheusualreboundthatoccursatthispointinabusinesscycle,andsoisnotconclusiveevidenceofarevivalintheunderlyingtrend.thereis,asrobertrubin,thetreasurysecretary,says,a“disjunction”betweenthemassofbusinessanecdotethatpointstoaleapinproductivityandthepicturereflectedbythestatistics.
someofthiscanbeeasilyexplained.newwaysoforganizingtheworkplace--allthatre-engineeringanddownsizing--areonlyonecontributiontotheoverallproductivityofaneconomy,whichisdrivenbymanyotherfactorssuchasjointinvestmentinequipmentandmachinery,newtechnology,andinvestmentineducationandtraining.moreover,mostofthechangesthatcompaniesmakeareintendedtokeepthem
profitable,andthisneednotalwaysmeanincreasingproductivity:
switchingtonewmarketsorimprovingqualitycanmatterjustasmuch.
twootherexplanationsaremorespeculative.first,someofthebusinessrestructuringofrecentyearsmayhavebeenineptlydone.second,evenifitwaswelldone,itmayhavespreadmuchlesswidelythanpeoplesuppose.
leonardschlesinger,aharvardacademicandformerchiefexecutiveofaubongpain,arapidlygrowingchainofbakerycafes,saysthatmuch“re-engineering”hasbeencrude.inmanycases,hebelieves,thelossofrevenuehasbeengreaterthanthereductionsincost.hiscolleague,michaelbeer,saysthatfartoomanycompanieshaveappliedre-engineeringinamechanisticfashion,choppingoutcostswithoutgivingsufficientthoughttolong-termprofitability.bbdo?
salrosenshineisblunter.hedismissesalotoftheworkofre-engineeringconsultantsasmererubbish--“theworstsortofambulancechasing.”
55.accordingtotheauthor,theamericaneconomicsituationis________.
[a]notasgoodasitseems
[b]atitsturningpoint
[c]muchbetterthanitseems
[d]neartocompleterecovery
56.theofficialstatisticsonproductivitygrowth________.
[a]excludetheusualreboundinabusinesscycle
[b]fallshortofbusinessmen?
santicipation
[c]meettheexpectationofbusinesspeople
[d]failtoreflectthetruestateofeconomy
57.theauthorraisesthequestion“whataboutpainwithoutgain?
”because________.
[a]hequestionsthetruthof“nogainwithoutpain”
[b]hedoesnotthinktheproductivityrevolutionworks
[c]hewondersiftheofficialstatisticsaremisleading
[d]hehasconclusiveevidencefortherevivalofbusinesses
58.whichofthefollowingstatementsisnotmentionedinthepassage?
[a]radicalreformsareessentialfortheincreaseofproductivity.
[b]newwaysoforganizingworkplacesmayhelptoincreaseproductivity.
[c]thereductionofcostsisnotasurewaytogainlong-termprofitability.
[d]theconsultantsareabunchofgood-for-nothings.
text3
sciencehaslonghadanuneasyrelationshipwithotheraspectsofculture.thinkofgallileo’s17th-centurytrialforhisrebellingbeliefbeforethecatholicchurchorpoetwilliamblake?
sharshremarksanything,deepenedinthiscentury.
untilrecently,thescientificcommunitywassopowerfulthatitcouldaffordtoignoreitscritics--butnolonger.asfundingforsciencehasdeclined,scientistshaveattacked“anti-science”inseveralbooks,notablyhighersuperstition,bypaulr.gross,abiologistattheuniversityofvirginia,andnormanlevitt,amathematicianatrutgersuniversity;
andthedemon-hauntedworld,bycarlsaganofcornelluniversity.
defendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchas“theflightfromscienceandreason,”heldinnewyorkcityin1995,and“scienceintheageof(mis)information,”whichassembledlastjunenearbuffalo.
anti-scienceclearlymeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople.grossandlevittfindfaultprimarilywithsociologists,philosophersandotheracademicswhohavequestionedscience?
sobjectivity.saganismoreconcernedwiththosewhobelieveinghosts,creationismandotherphenomenathatcontradictthescientificworldview.
asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheanti-sciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyother
groupsaswell,fromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirus
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