川大博士入学英语文档格式.docx

川大博士入学英语文档格式.docx

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Dividingscientistsintotwogroupsisonlyonebroadwayofclassifyingthem,however.Whenscientificknowledgewasverylimited,therewasnoneedformentospecialize.Today,withthegreatbodyofscientificknowledge,scientistsspecializeinmanydifferentfields.Withineachfield,thereisevenfurthersubdivision.And,withfinerandfinersubdivisions,thevariousscienceshavebecomemoreandmoreinterrelateduntilnoonebranchisentirelyindependentofthe'

others.Manynewspecialties--geophysicsandbiochemistry,forexample--haveresultedfromcombiningtheknowledgeoftwoormoresciences.

1.Theappliedscientist______.

A.isnotalwaysinterestedinpracticalproblems 

B.providesthebasicknowledgeforpractice

C.appliestheresultsofresearchtopractice 

D.doesoriginalresearchtounderstandthebasiclawsofnature

2.Theexamplegiveninthepassageillustrateshow___.

A.purescienceoperatesindependentlyofappliedscience 

B.theappliedscientistdiscoversthebasiclawsofnature

C.appliedsciencedefinesalltheareasinwhichbasicresearchisdoneD.appliedsciencesuggestsproblemsforthebasicscientist

3.Theproblemdiscussedinthesecondparagraphcalledfor____.

A.selectingthebesthear-resistantmetalfromexistingmetals

B.developingaturbinewheelcapableofgeneratingheatupto1,600degreesFahrenheit

C.developingmetalsandalloysthatwouldwithstandterrifictemperatures

D.causingthejetenginetooperateathighertemperatures

4.Finermadfinersubdivisioninthefieldofsciencehasresultedin_____.

A.greaterindependenceofeachscience 

B.greaterinterdependenceofallthevarioussciences

C.theeradicationoftheneedforspecialists 

D.theneedforonlyonclassificationofscientists

5."

Thehorizonsofsciencehaveexpanded"

meansthat____.

A.thehorizonchangesitssizefromyeartoyear 

B.sciencehasdevelopedmorefieldsofendeavor

C.scientistshavemadegreatprogressinstudyingthehorizon 

D.scientistscanseefurtheroutintospace

Passage2

InTheDisunitingofAmerica:

ReflectionsonaMulticulturalSociety,RevisedandEnlargedEdition（W.W.Norton）SchlesingerprovidesdeepinsightsintothecrisesofnationhoodinAmerica.AnewchapterassessestheimpactbothofradicalmulticulturalismandradicalmonoculturalismontheBillofrights.Writtenwithhisusualclarityandforce,thebookbringsanotedhistorian'

swisdomandperspectivetobearonAmerica'

s"

culturewars"

.

Schlesingeraddressesthequestions:

Whatholdsanationtogether?

AndwhatdoesitmeantobeanAmerican?

Describingtheemergingcultofethnicity,Schlesingerpraisesitshealthyeffectonanationlongshamedbyahistoryofprejudiceandnarrow-mindedness.Buthewarnsagainstthecampaignofmulticulturaladvocatestodividethenationintoseparateethnicandracialcommunities.Fromthestart,heobserves,theUnitedStateshasbeenamulticulturalnation,richinitsdiversitybutheldtogetherbyasharedcommitmenttothedemocraticprocessandbythefreedomofintermarriage.ItwasthisnationaltalentforassimilationthatimpressedforeignvisitorslikeAlexisdeTocquevilleandJamesBryce,anditisthishistoricgoalthatSchlesingerchampionsasthebesthopeforthefuture.Schlesingeranalyzeswhatheseesasgrimconsequencesofidentitypolitics:

thewideningofdifferences.AttacksontheFirstAmendment,heargues,threatenintellectualfreedomand,ultimately,thefutureoftheethnicgroups.Hiscriticismsarenotlimitedtotheleft.AsaformertargetofMcCarthyism,heunderstandsthattheradicalrightisevenmorewillingthantheradicallefttorestrictandweakentheBillofRights.

Theauthordoesnotminimizetheinjusticesconcealedbythe"

meltingpot"

dream.TheDisunitingofAmericaisbothacademicandpersonal,forcefulinargument,balancedinjudgment.Itisabookthatwillnodoubtangersomereaders,butitwillsurelymakeallof 

themthinkagain.ThewinnerofPulitzerPrizesforhistoryandforbiography,anauthoritativevoiceofAmericanliberalism,Schlesingerisuniquelypositionedtobringboldanswersandhealingwisdomtothispassionatedebateoverwhoweareandwhatweshouldbecome.

6.AccordingtoSchlesinger,theUnitedStatesis_____.

A.ameltingpot 

B.anationwithdiverseculturesheldtogetherbythedemocraticprocess

C.afederationofethnicandracialcommunities 

D.anationwithvariousethnicandracialgroups

7.WecaninferfromthepassagethatSchlesinger______.

A.advocatestheassimilationofdifferentculturesintoonenationhood 

B.prefersmulticulturalismtomonoculturalism

C.givesfullsupporttotheemergingcultofethnicity 

D.holdsthateachracialgroupshouldkeepitsdistinctidentity

8.TheauthorwantstotellusthatAmerica_____.

A.isexperiencingacrisisofnationhood 

B.istryingtorestricttheBillofRight

C.hasendeditshistoryofracialprejudice 

D.hastriedtoobstructintellectualfreedom

9.Accordingtotheauthor,Schlesinger'

sbookwill____.

A.causeangeramongtheradicalright 

B.causeangeramongtheradicalleft

C.putanendtotheculturewarsinAmerica 

D.provokethinkingamongthereaders

10.Thispassageismostprobablytakenfrom__.

A.ahistorybook 

B.abookintroduction 

C.abookreview 

D.ajournalofliterarycriticism

Passage3

TheElNino（"

littleboy"

inSpanish）thatpoundedtheglobebetweenthesummersof1997and1998wasinsomemeasurethemostdestructiveinthiscentury.Worldwidedamageestimatesexceed~20billion--nottomentionthehumandeathtollcausedbyresulting 

droughts,floodsandbushfires.ElNinoandLaNina（"

littlegirl"

）arepartofaseesawingofwindsandcurrentsintheequatorialPacificcalledENSO（ElNinoSouthernOscillation）thatappearseverytwotoeightyears.Normally,westward-blowingtradewindscausedbythe 

rotationoftheearthandconditionsintheTropicspushsurfacewateracrossthePacifictowardsAsia.ThewarmwaterpilesupalongthecoastsofIndonesia,AustraliaandthePhilippines,raisingsealevelsmorethanafootabovethoseontheSouthAmericansideofthePacific.AsElNinobuildsthenormaleast-to-westtradewindswane.Likewatersplashinginagiantbathtub,theelevatedpoolofwarmwaterwashesfromAsianshoresbacktowardsSouthAmerica.

Inlastseason'

scycle,surfacetemperaturesoffthewestcoastofSouthAmericasoaredfromanormalhighof23°

Cdegreesto28°

Cdegrees.Thisareaofwarmwater,twicethesizeofthecontinentalUS,interactedwiththeatmosphere,creatingstormsanddisplacing 

high-altitudewinds.

ElNinobroughtrainthatfloodednormallydrycoastalareasofEcuador,ChileandPeru,whiledroughtsstruckAustraliaandIndonesia.FiresdestroyedsomefivemillionacresofIndonesianforest.Thedrought,alongwiththeeconomiccrisis,leftaboutfivemillionpeopledesperateforfoodandwater.TheseconditionshelpedsetthestageforriotsthatledtothedownfallofPresidentSuharto.ElNinoalsotooktheblameforextremetemperaturesinTexaslastsummerover38°

Cdegreesforarecord30daysinarow.InFlorida,lushvegetationturnedtotinderandbushfiresraged.EvenBritainhasbeenswelteringwithourhottestyearonrecordin1997.

11.AsElSinobuilds,_____.

A.thenormalwestwardtradewindsweaken 

B.thenormaleastwardtradewindsweaken

C.thenormalwestwardtradewindsstrengthen 

D.thenormaleastwardtradewindsstrengthen

12.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

A.ElNinoresultsfromdroughts,floodsandbushfires. 

B.ElNinobroughtraintomostareasthatwereaffected,

C.WhenElNinoappeared,someoftheworld'

srainforestswereattackedbydroughts.

D.MostareasthatwereaffectedbyElNinogotdroughts.

13.OnceElNinoevenplayedaroleinthepoliticalworld.Whatwasit?

A.PresidentSuhartowasoverthrownbythedroughtcausedbyElNino.

B.ElNinocausedriotsthatledtothedownfallofPresidentSuharto.

C.PresidentSuhartoresignedbecauseofthedroughtcausedbyElNino.

D.ThedroughtcausedbyElNinotogetherwiththeeconomiccrisisprevailinginIndonesiahelpedtooverthrowPresidentSuharto.

14.Thephrase"

inarow"

inthelastparagraphmeans____.

A.continuously 

B.inaline 

C.awfully 

D.nowandthen

15.Thewriterofthispassageismostlikelytobe____.

A.anAustraliaobserver 

B.aBritishnational 

C.anAmericange