剑桥初级语法 整理笔记Word文档下载推荐.docx
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剑桥初级语法 整理笔记Word文档下载推荐.docx
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do
Yourfriends
Howoften
wash
yourhair
What
does
Thisword
Howmuch
it
cost
toflytoRome
*Whatdoyoudo?
表示“你是做什么工作的?
”
8、have/havegot
(1)
have=havegot
has=hasgot
Don’thave=haven’tgot
Doesn’thave=hasn’tgot
Doyouhave=haveyougot
Doeshehave=hashegot
(2)have表“吃、喝、拿”时,不能用havegot代替
have
havebreakfast/lunch/dinner
haveameal/apizza/asandwich
haveacupofcoffee
havesthtoeat/drink
(3)下列短语中,要用have
haveabath/ashower
havearest/aholiday/aparty
haveanicetime/agoodtrip/fun
haveawalk/aswim/agame
haveadream/anaccident
haveababy
havealook
15、现在完成时
(1)havedone
(2)just/already/yet
Just表“刚才”:
we’vejustarrived.
Already表“已经”(在预料之前):
they’vealreadyarrived.(=beforeyouexpected)
Yet表“直到现在”(用于否定句和疑问句中):
theyhaven’tarrivedyet.
(3)现在完成时与ever(用于疑问句中)/never连用:
Haveyoueverplayedgolf?
(4)gone表“去而未归”:
shehasgonetoChina.
Been表“去而已归”:
hehasbeentoChina.
(5)Howlonghaveyou…?
ShehasbeeninIrelandsinceMonday/forthreedays.
一般现在时
现在完成时
DanandKatearemarried.
Theyhavebeenmarriedforfouryears.
Areyoumarried?
Howlonghaveyoubeenmarried?
现在进行时
现在完成进行时
I’mlearningEnglish.
HowlonghaveyoubeenlearningEnglish?
25、whatareyoudoingtomorrow?
Iamdoingsomethingtomorrow表示“我已经安排好明天要做某事/我计划明天做某事”
Iamgoingtodosomething.同上(begoingto与will的区别)
注意:
用一般现在时表示时间表、节目单、火车与公共汽车时刻表等:
Thetrainarrivesat7.30.
27、will/shall
(1)Ishall=Iwill、weshall=wewill:
Ishallbelatetomorrow.=Iwillbelatetomorrow.
在构成将来时的时候,不可将shall与you/they/it/he/she等非第一人称连用:
Tomwillbelate.(而不能Tomshallbelate.)
(2)I’ll…表“提议或决定做某事”:
I’llphoneyoutomorrow.
IthinkI’ll/Idon’tthinkI’ll…表“决定做某事”:
IthinkI’llgotobedearlytonight.
(3)ShallI…/Shallwe…?
表“你认为…好吗?
28、might=may
29、can/could:
could为过去式
30、must/mustn’t/don’tneedto
(1)表示过去时,用hadto而不用must:
Wehadtowalkhomelastnight.
(2)don’tneedto=don’thaveto
31、should
(1)Ithink…should/Idon’tthink….should/doyouthink…should?
(2)oughtto=should
32、Ihaveto
(1)表过去时,用hadto
(2)表示认为有必要做某事或提出个人看法时,must或haveto都可以
不是表个人看法时,只能用haveto:
Eg:
Youcan’tparkyourcarherefornothing.Youhavetopay.(非个人看法)
It’safantasticfilm.Youmustseeit./Youhavetoseeit.
33、Iusedto/Ididn’tusedto/didyouuseto…?
38、therehasbeen/therehavebeen
一般过去时
Therewasanaccidentlastnight.
Look!
There’sbeenanaccident.
Whenwearrivedatthetheatre,therewasalongqueueoutside.
Thisroadisverydangerous.Therehavebeenmanyaccidents.
Whyarethosepolicemenoutsidethebank?
There’sbeen/therewasarobbery.
41、反义疑问句
Haveyou?
/areyou?
/don’tyou?
表“对某事感兴趣或感到惊奇”:
——I’veboughtanewcar.
——Oh,haveyou?
记住:
前否后肯,前肯后否
It’saniceday,isn’tit?
Thatisn’tyourcar,isit?
42、too/eithersoamI/neitherdoI
句尾
too(肯定)
I’mhappytoo.
either(否定)
I’mnothappyeither.
I’mhappy.
SoamI
(sowashe/sodoI/sowouldI)
I’mnot
I’mnothappy
NeitheramI
(可用nor代替neither)
Iam
(2)both+复数名词
either/neither单数名词,谓语动词用单数
both
(of)
the…
either
neither
of
these/those…
my/your/Paul’s…
44、疑问句
(1)isit…?
/haveyou…?
/dothey…?
whyisn’t…?
/whydon’t…?
(2)whosawyou?
/whodidyousee?
(3)以特殊疑问词开头的句子,介词位于句尾:
whereareyoufrom?
(4)what’sitlike?
/whataretheylike?
表询问某事物的情况——新旧、好坏、大小等
(5)疑问词
what
What+名词
Whattime…/whatsize
不加名词
What’syourname?
which
Which+名词(物/人)
Whichtraindidyoucatch?
不加名词时,不指代人
Whichisbiggest?
how
How+形容词/副词
Howtallareyou?
Howdeep/howheavy/howhigh/howbig…
What(范围更广)
Which(选择较少)
What’sthecapitalofArgentina?
Whichcolourdoyouprefer,pinkoryellow?
52、不定式与-ing形式
动词+不定式
plan
decide
try
+to…(towork/todo/tobe)
hope
expect
offer
promise
refuse
learn
动词+-ing
enjoy
stop
suggest
+-ing(doing/working)
mind
finish
动词+-ing或不定式
start
continue
+-ing/to…
begin
55、
goto
gotowork
gotoschool
gotouniversity
gotohospital
gotoprison
gotobed
gotosleep
gotochurch
gotothebank/thetheatre/theairport
gohome
gotothedoctor/dentist
(be)atwork
(be)atschool
(be)atuniversity
(be)inhospital
(be)inprison
(be)inbed
(be)in/atchurch
(be)athome
goon
goonholiday
goonatrip
goonatour
goonanexcursion
goonacruise
goonastrike
gofor
goforawalk
goforarun
goforaswim
goforadrink
goformeal
go(going/went/gone)
shopping
swimming
fishing
sailing
skiing
jogging
56、
get+名词(收到/买到/找到某物)
getajob/getaletter
get+交通工具
getabus
getatrain
getataxi
get+形容词(变得..)
gethungry
getcold
gettired
getto+地点(到达)
gettowork
gettoNY
(gethere/gethome)
get的短语
getinacar
getoutofacar
getonabus
getoffabus
getmarried(结婚)
getdressed(穿衣)
getlost(迷路)
57、do与make
doanexam
doatest
doacourse
dohomework
dohousework
dosomebodyafavour
doanexercise
dotheshopping
dothewashing洗衣服
dothewashing-up洗碗
dotheironing熨烫
dothecooking
make
makeamistake
makeanappointment
makeaphonecall
makealist
makeanoise
makeabed
makeafilm拍电影
takeaphotograph拍照
66、名词
在英语中,下列词语以复数出现:
scissorsglassestrousersjeansshortstightspyjamaspeoplepolice
以下名词通常不可数
advicebreadfurniturehairinformationnewsweatherwork
abottleofwater
acartonofmilk
abarofchocolate/aboxofchocolates
apieceofcheese
abottleofperfume
apieceofmusic
abowlofrice
acupofcoffee
agameoftennis
73、the的用法
thesunthemoontheworldtheskytheseathecountry
thepolicethefirebrigadethearmy
thetoptheendthemiddletheleft
thepianotheguitarthetrumpet
theradio
theInternet
1.television/TV不用the:
IwatchTValot.但是canyouturnofftheTV(=theTVset)
2.breakfast/lunch/dinner等不加the
3.next/last+week/month/year/summer等不加the
4.球类名词前不加the
5.学科名词前不加the
the…(地名)
1.地域名称前一般不用the
France/Japan/Peru
2.与国家、岛屿、山脉等名称的复数形式连用
theAlps/thePhilippines/theNetherlands/theCanaryIslands
3.洋、海、江、河的名称前用the
theAtlantic/theAmazon/theNile/theBlacksea
4.街道、广场等名称前不用the
livesinNewtonStreet/HighfieldRoad/TimesSquare
5.机场、车站、大学、城堡等重要建筑物不用the
KennedyAirport/LondonZoo/VictoriaStation
6.宾馆、影院、剧院、博物馆的名称前要用the
theRegentHotel/theNationalTheatre/theScienceMuseum
7.表方位时用the
thenorth/south/east/westof…
77、not+any/no/more
(1)not+any=no….=nota
(2)no…通常用于have(got)与thereis/are之后
(3)动词否定形式+any=动词肯定形式+no
(4)no之后接名词、none可单独使用
None表示“无”;
no-one表示“没人
nobody=not+anybody
no-one=not+anyone
nothing=not+anything
80、every/all
(1)every+单数名词,谓语动词用单数
(2)everywhere是副词
all
most
some
any
no
+
cities
children
books
money
this/that…
my/your…
most
any
none
83、alot/much/many/(a)little/(a)few
(1)alotof+可数/不可数,也可不跟名词
(2)much+不可数,用于否定句与疑问句,也可不跟名词
(3)many+复数
(4)
alittle+不可数表“有一点但不多”
afew+复数表“有一点但是不多”
little+不可数表“几乎没有”
few+复数表“几乎没有”
88、abitolder/mucholder
Abitolderthan….
Abitmoredifficultthan…
Muchbetterthan…
Muchmoreexpensivethan…
89、notas…as
Notasmuchas….
Notasmanyas…
Thesameas….
90、theoldest/themostexpensive
可用最高级+I’veever…./you’veever….等:
Thefilmwasverybad.Ithinkit’stheworstfilmI’veeverseen.
Whatisthemostunusualthingyou’veeverdone?
91、enough/too
enoughforsb/sth
enoughtodosth
enoughforsb/sthtodosth
too…forsb/sth
too…todosth
too…forsbtodosth
93、词序
(1)地点状语位于时间状语之前:
wewenttoapartylastnight.
(2)always/never/often等词用于动词之前,be动词之后,两个动词之间:
alwaysofteneverrarelyalsoalreadyall
usuallysometimesneverseldomjuststillboth
e.g.Ialwaysdrinkcoffeeinthemorning.
Iamalwaystired.
Iwillalwaysrememberyou./Icanneverfindmykeys.
96、give/lend/pass/send/show/buy/get
givesthtosb
givesbsth
当某物为代词it或them时,用第一种结构比较好:
Igaveittomyfather.
98、when
(1)当以when开头时,两部分用逗号隔开:
WhenIwentout,itwasraining.
(2)一般现在时用于when之后表示将来:
LisawillbeinMexicowhenSarahisinNewYork.
WhenIgethomethisevening,I’mgoingtohaveashower.
(3)before/while/after/until的用法类似:
Pleaseclosethewindowbeforeyougoout.
I’llwaithereuntilyoucomeback.
99、if
(1)if之后常用一般现在时:
IfyouseeAnntomorrow,canyouaskhertocallme?
Whatshallwedoifitrains?
(2)ifI/you/he/she/they/ithad……I/you/hewould….
ifI/it/he/shewas…或ifI/it/he/shewere….(这里的动词都是过去式)
If
I
they
…
had/knew/lived/went…
didn’thave/didn’tknow…
were…
could…
would(n’t)
could(n’t)
buy…
be…
have…
go….
在这种句子里,句意表示事实上这个假设不成立:
IfIhadthemoney,Iwouldbuyafastcar.事实上我没有钱买车。
Iwouldn’tgooutifIwereyou.事实上我不是你。
(3)比较
ifIhave/ifitis
·
ImustgoandseeHelen.IfIhavetime,Iwillgotoday.(=maybeI’llhavetime,somaybeI’llgo)
I’llhelpyouifIcan.(=maybeIcanhelpyou)
ifIhad/ifitwas
ImustgoandseeHelen.IfIhadtime,Iwouldgotoday.(=Idon’thavetimetoday,soIwillnotgo)
I’dhelpyouifIcould,butIcan’t.
103、at/on/in
at(时间点)
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