英文文献及翻译计算机专业Word文件下载.docx

英文文献及翻译计算机专业Word文件下载.docx

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TaskManagementSystem（TMS）isdesignedtobreakdownthesetasksandassigncertainresourcestoitstasknodes．Asaresultofdecomposition。

al1designresourcesandactivitiescouldbemanagedviathissystem.

KEYWORDS：

CollaborativeDesign,TaskManagementSystem（TMS）,TaskDecomposition，InformationManagementSystem

1Introduction

Alongwiththerapidupgradeofrequestforadvanceddesignmethods,moreandmoredesigntoolappearedtosupportnewdesignmethodsandforms。

Designinawebenvironmentwithmulti—partnersbeinginvolvedrequiresamorepowerfulandefficientmanagementsystem。

Designpartnerscanbelocatedeverywhereoverthenetwiththeirownorganizations.Theycouldbemutuallyindependentexpertsorteamsoftensofemployees.Thisarticlediscussesataskmanagementsystem（TMS）whichmanagesdesignactivitiesandresourcesbybreakingdowndesignobjectivesandre—organizingdesignresourcesinconnectionwiththeactivities.Comparingwithcommoninformationmanagementsystems（IMS）likeproductdatamanagementsystemanddocumentmanagementsystem，TMScanmanagethewholedesignprocess。

Ithastwotierswhichmakeitmuchmoref1exibleinstructure。

The1owertierconsistsoftraditionalcommonIMSSandtheupperonefulfillslogicactivitymanagementthroughcontrollingatree—likestructure,allocatingdesignresourcesandmakingdecisionsabouthowtocarryoutadesignproject。

Itsfunctioningparadigmvariesindifferentprojectsdependingontheproject’sscaleandpurpose。

Asaresultofthisstructure，TMScanseparateitsdatamodelfromitslogicmode1.Itcouldbringaboutstructureoptimizationandefficiencyimprovement，especiallyinalargescaleproject.

2TaskManagementinNet—BasedCollaborativeDesignEnvironment

2。

1EvolutionoftheDesignEnvironment

Duringanet-basedcollaborativedesignprocess,designerstransformtheirworkingenvironmentfromasinglePCdesktoptoLAN，andevenextendtoWAN。

Eachdesignpartnercanbeasingleexpertoracombinationofmanyteamsofseveralsubjects,eveniftheyarefarawayfromeachothergeographically.Inthenet—basedcollaborativedesignenvironment，peoplefromeveryterminalofthenetcanexchangetheirinformationinteractivelywitheachotherandsenddatatoauthorizedrolesviatheirdesigntools。

TheCoDesignSpaceissuchanenvironmentwhichprovidesasetofthesetoolstohelpdesignpartnerscommunicateandobtaindesigninformation.CodesignSpaceaimsatimprovingtheefficiencyofcollaborativework,makingenterprisesincreaseitssensitivitytomarketsandoptimizetheconfigurationofresource。

2.2ManagementofResourcesandActivitiesinNet-BasedCollaborativeEnvironment

Theexpansionofdesignenvironmentalsocausedanewproblemofhowtoorganizetheresourcesanddesignactivitiesinthatenvironment.Asthenumberofdesignpartnersincreases，resourcesalsoincreaseindirectproportion.Butrelationsbetweenresourcesincreaseinsquareratio.Toorganizetheseresourcesandtheirrelationsneedsanintegratedmanagementsystemwhichcanrecognizethemandprovidetodesignersincaseoftheyareneeded。

Onesolutionistousespecialinformationmanagementsystem（IMS）。

AnIMScanprovidedatabase,filesystemsandin/outinterfacestomanageagivenresource。

ForexamplethereareseveralIMStoolsinCoDesignSpacesuchasProductDataManagementSystem,DocumentManagementSystemandsoon.Thesesystemscanprovideitsspecialinformationwhichdesignuserswant。

ButthestructureofdesignactivitiesismuchmorecomplicatedthantheseIMScouldmanage，becauseevenasimpledesignprojectmayinvolvedifferentdesignresourcessuchasdocuments,draftsandequipments。

Notonlyproductdataordocuments，designactivitiesalsoneedthesupportoforganizationsindesignprocesses。

Thisarticleputsforwardanewdesignsystemwhichattemptstointegratedifferentresourcesintotherelateddesignactivities.Thatistaskmanagementsystem（TMS）.

3TaskBreakdownModel

3。

1BasisofTaskBreakdown

Whenpeoplesetouttoaccomplishaproject，theyusuallyseparateitintoasequenceoftasksandfinishthemonebyone。

Eachdesignprojectcanberegardedasanaggregateofactivities，rolesanddata。

Herewedefineataskasasetofactivitiesandresourcesandalsohavingatleastoneobjective。

Becauselargetaskscanbeseparatedintosmallones，ifweseparateaprojecttargetintoseverallower—levelobjectives,wedefinethattheprojectisbrokendownintosubtasksandeachobjectivemapstoasubtask.Obviouslyifeachsubtaskisaccomplished，theprojectissurelyfinished.SoTMSintegratesdesignactivitiesandresourcesthroughplanningthesetasks.

Net—basedcollaborativedesignmostlyaimsatproductsdevelopment.Projectmanagers（PM）assignsubtaskstodesignersordesignteamswhomaylocateinothercities.ThedesignersandteamsexecutetheirowntasksundertheconstraintswhicharedefinedbythePMandnegotiatedwitheachotherviathecollaborativedesignenvironment.Sothedesignersandteamsareindependentcollaborativepartnersandhaveincompactcouplingrelationships。

Theyaredriventogetheronlybytheftdesigntasks.AfterthePMhavefinisheddecomposingtheproject,eachdesignerorteamleaderwhohasbeenassignedwithasubtaskbecomea1ow—classPMofhisowntask.AndhecandothesamethingashisPMdonetohim，re-breakingdownandre—assigningtasks.

SoweputforwardtworulesforTaskBreakdowninanet-basedenvironment,incompactcouplingandobject—driven.Incompactcouplingmeansthelessrelationshipbetweentwotasks.Whentwosubtaskswerecoupledtootightly，therequirementforcommunicationbetweentheirdesignerswillincreasealot.Toomuchcommunicationwil1notonlywastetimeandreduceefficiency，butalsobringerrors。

Itwillbecomemuchmoredifficulttomanageprojectprocessthanusuallyinthissituation.Ontheotherhandeverytaskhasitsownobjective.FromtheviewpointofPMofasuperiortaskeachsubtaskcouldbeablackboxandhowtoexecutethesesubtasksisunknown.ThePMconcernsonlytheresultsandconstraintsofthesesubtasks，andmayneverconcernwhatwillhappeninsideit.

3.2TaskBreakdownMethod

Accordingtotheabovebasis,aprojectcanbeseparatedintoseveralsubtasks。

Andwhenthisseparatingcontinues，itwillfinallybedecomposedintoatasktree.Excepttherootofthetreeisaproject,alleavesandbranchesaresubtasks.Sinceadesignprojectcanbeseparatedintoatasktree,allitsresourcescanbeaddedtoitdependingontheirrelationship.Forexample,aSmall—Sized—Satellite.

Design（3SD）projectcanbebrokendownintotwodesignobjectivesasSatelliteHardware。

Design（SHD）andSatellite—Software—Exploit（SSE）.Anditalsohastwoteams.DesignteamAanddesignteamBwhichweregardasdesignresources。

WhenAisassignedtoSSEandBtoSHD.WebreakdowntheprojectasshowninFig1。

Itisaliketomanageotherresourcesinaprojectinthisway。

Sowhenwedefineacollaborativedesignproject’staskmodel，weshouldfirstclaimtheproject’stargets。

Thesetargetsincludefunctionalgoals,performancegoals，andqualitygoalsandsoon.Thenwecouldconfirmhowtoexecutethisproject.Nextwecangoontobreakdownit。

Theprojectcanbeseparatedintotwoormoresubtaskssincethereareat1easttwopartnersinacollaborativeproject.Eitherwecouldseparatetheprojectintostepwisetasks,whichhavetimesequencerelationshipsincaseofsomemorecomplexprojectsandthenbreakdownthestepwisetasksaccordingtotheirphase-to—phasegoals。

Thereisalsoanothertroubleinexecutingataskbreakdown。

Whenataskisbrokenintosevera1subtasks；

itisnotmerely“asimplesummotion”ofothertasks。

Inmostcasestheirsubtaskscouldhavemorecomplexrelations.

Tosolvethisproblemweuseconstraints.Therearetimesequenceconstraint（TSC）andlogicconstraint（LC）。

Thetimesequenceconstraintdefinesthetimerelationshipsamongsubtasks。

TheTSChasfourdifferenttypes,FF，FS,SFandSS.FmeansfinishandSpresentsstart.IfwesayTabbisFSandlagfourdays,itmeansTbshouldstartnolaterthanfourdaysafterTaisfinished。

Thelogicconstraintismuchmorecomplicated。

Itdefineslogicrelationshipamongmultipletasks.

Hereisgivenanexample:

“TaskTAisseparatedintothreesubtasks，Ta，TbandTc.Buttherearetwomorerules。

TbandTccannotbeexecuteduntilTaisfinished。

TbandTccannotbeexecutedboth，thatmeansifTbwasexecuted，Tcshouldnotbeexecuted,andviceversa.ThisdependsontheresultofTa。

”

SowesayTbandTchavealogicconstraint.Afterfinishingbreakingdownthetasks，wecangetatasktreeasFig，2illustrates.

4TMSRealization

4。

1TMSStructure

Accordingtoourdiscussionabouttasktreemodelandtaskbreakdownbasis，wecandevelopaTaskManagementSystem（TMS）basedonCoDesignSpaceusingJavalanguage,JSPtechnologyandMicrosoftSQL2000.Thetaskmanagementsystem’sstructureisshowninFig.3。

TMShasfourmainmodulesnamelyTaskBreakdown,RoleManagement,StatisticsandQueryandDataIntegration。

TheTaskBreakdownmodulehelpsuserstoworkouttas