Eradicating Ebola1Word下载.docx
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Eradicating Ebola1Word下载.docx
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1.1Background2
1.2GenusEbolavirus2
1.3Sourceofhumaninfection2
1.4Evidenceofhuman-to-humantransmission2
1.5Signsandsymptoms2
1.6Diagnosisandtreatments2
1.7EbolavirusbreakingoutinWestAfrica2
Ⅱ.Analysisfortheissues3
Ⅲ.Thebasicassumptions3
Ⅳ.Nomenclature3
Ⅴ.Ourmodel13
5.1Modelanalysis2
5.2Modelestablishing2
5.3Modelsolution2
5.4Testofmodel’sapplication2
Ⅰ.Introduction
Ebolavirus,aparticularlyfatalviruswhichleadstoEbolahaemorrhagicfever,firstappearedin1976withtwosimultaneousoutbreaksinNzara,Sudan,andinYambuku,DemocraticRepublicofCongo(formerlyZaire)hasraisedgreatconcernaboutmedicalfieldsincethen.Ebolavirusiscontagiousbothtomankindandnon-humanprimates.Itssymptomsincludefever,shockandmultipleorganfailurewhichexhaustpeopletodeath.Sofar,accordingtothedatagivenbyWorldHealthOrganization(WHO),thefatalityrateofEbolavirushasbeenrecordedtobeashighasninetypercent.
1.1Background
ThenameEbolaoriginatedfromariverinthenorthofDemocraticRepublicofCongo.In1976,ascarcevirusappearedthere,attackingfifty-fivevillagesnearbyandcausedthousandsofdeath.Ebolawastakenasthenamethissevereviruseversince.Threeyearslater,EbolacamebackandsweptSudan.Afterthesetwocruelplagues,Ebolavanishedforfifteenyears.
1.2GenusEbolavirus
GenusEbolavirusisoneofthreemembersoftheFiloviridaefamily(filovirus),alongwithgenusMarburgvirusandgenusCuevavirus.Sofarhumanhasspecifiedfivedistinctspecies:
•ZaireEbolavirus(EBOV)
•BundibugyoEbolavirus(BDBV)
•SudanEbolavirus(SUDV)
•TaiForestEbolavirus(TAFV)
•RestonEbolavirus(RESTV)
BDBV,EBOV,andSUDVhavebeenrelatedtolargeEbolavirusoutbreaksinAfrica,whereasRESTVandTAFVhavenot.
Thosespeciesdifferinpathology.EBOVandSUDVarefoundedfatalbothtomankindandnon-humanprimates,whileBDBVhasnoobviousinfluenceonmankindbutisstillfataltonon-humanprimates.TheRESTVspecies,foundinPhilippinesandthePeople’sRepublicofChina,caninfecthumans,butnoillnessordeathinhumansfromthisspecieshasbeenreportedtodate(death?
).
1.3Sourceofhumaninfection
•FruitbatsaresuspectedasthenaturalhostforEbolavirus.AccordingtothereportsfromCableNewsNetwork(CNN)andDailyMail,theEbolavirusdiseaserecentlyspreadinginWestAfricamayoutbreakfrom2-year-oldchildbittenbyafruitbat.Theysaid,thechildwasbittenbyafruitbatandthendiedfourdayslater,on6December2013.Afterhisdeath,hismotherinitiatedbleedingsymptomanddiedon13December2013.Thenitcametothosewhohadattendedtheirfuneral.Afterthatwerethevillagesnearby.Thereafter,theplagueexpandedtothewholeWestAfrica.
•Non-humanprimateshavebeenconsideredasasourceofEbolavirus.However,adecadeagotheyweresubstantiatedtobeanaccidentalhostjustlikehumanbeings.
1.4Evidenceofhuman-to-humantransmission
Ebolavirusinfestswildanimals.Viaclosecontactwithinfectedanimalssuchastheblood,secretionsandotherbodilyfluids,Ebolavirusisbroughtintohumancommunity.Andthen,throughdirectcontacts(brokenskin,mucousmembraneswiththeblood,secretionsetc.)andindirectcontacts(environmentscontaminatedwithfluids),Ebolaviruscontinuesitstransmissionamonghumans.
Andthevirusequipsnoinfectiousnessduringtheincubationperiod(varyingfrom2to20days)andbecomescontagiousonceahostpresentswithsymptoms.
Thevirusremainsinthesemenofpersonswhohaverecoveredfromthediseaseforthreemonthsafterrehabilitation.
1.5Signsandsymptoms
•Duringtheincubationperiod,infectedpersonsdon’tfeelsickuntilonsetofsymptoms.
•Ebolavirususuallycomeswithsuddenonsetoffever,intenseweakness,musclepain,headache,nauseaandsorethroat.Thenthefollowingsymptomslikevomiting,diarrheaarise.Finallypatientswilldieduetoorganimpairment.
1.6Diagnosisandtreatments
•DefinitivediagnosisofEVDismadethroughlaboratorytestingbecauseofinfectionrisk.Laboratoryfindingsfrequentlyincludelowwhitebloodcellandplateletcountsandelevatedliverenzymes.
•Uptonow,therearenolicensedEbolavaccinesbut2potentialcandidatesareundergoingevaluation.
•Earlysupportivecarewithrehydration,symptomatictreatmentimprovessurvival.Thereisasyetnolicensedtreatmenttestifiedtoannihilatethevirusbutarangeofblood,immunologicalanddrugtherapiesareunderdevelopment.
1.7EbolavirusbreakingoutinWestAfrica
EbolavirusbreaksoutinWestAfricainFeb2015.Tillnow,basedonthereportsonEbolafromWHO,ithasalmostsweptthewholeWestAfrica,especiallyincountrieslikeGuinea,SierraLeoneandLiberia.EvendistantcountriessuchasUSA,SpainandUKhavebeeninvolvedinthisdisaster.Asisreportedtodate,Ebolahasposed22495casesofEbolavirusdiseaseand8981deathscumulatively.
Figure1.MapofEbolacasesovertheworld
Figure2.DistributionofEbolacaseovertheworld
Ⅱ.Analysisfortheissues
2.1Spotsselectedforexperiment
Ebolavirustransmitsendemically,andusuallyitisrestrictedinthetropicalrainforestsofcentralAfricaandthesteppesofsoutheastAfricabyspecificenvironmentalconditions.ThoseyearsthiskindofvirushasspreadfromtheinitiateSudanandCongotoothercountriesnearbysuchasCentralAfrican,LibyaandGabon.
Nevertheless,incountriesdistantfromAfricasuchasUSAandSpain,casesofEbolavirusdiseaseoccuraccidentallybutareallattributedtoimportinfection.Tosomeextent,itshowsthevirustransmitsinspecificregions.Inotherwords,thevirustransmitsendemicallyandwillnotfindanyotherareasuitableforitsbreedbecauseitisrestrictedbyspace.
ThereforeweselectthreecountriesGuinea,SierraLeoneandLiberia,wheretheEbolaviruscasesoccurmostfrequently,asasample.
Andhereisasurveyonpopulationsofdistinctregionsinthesethreecountries.
Figure3.PopulationdistributionsofdistinctregionsinGuinea,SierraLeoneandLiberia
Guinea
Population
SierraLeone
Liberia
G1
289,000
S1
274,118
L1
276,863
G2
165,000
S2
452,095
L2
127,076
G3
284,000
S3
549,924
L3
83,388
G4
82,000
S4
256,686
L4
84,119
G5
131,000
S5
1,345,142
L5
1,118,241
G6
156,000
S6
418,184
L6
333,481
G7
286,000
S7
352,048
L7
462,026
G8
136,000
S8
570,283
L8
209,923
G9
421,000
S9
404,036
L9
221,693
G10
246,000
S10
151,979
L10
71,509
G11
S11
156,388
L11
102,391
G12
114,000
S12
537,864
L12
125,258
G13
160,000
S13
387,824
L13
66,789
G14
244,000
L14
57,913
G15
167,000
L15
135,938
G16
744,000
G17
235,000
G18
188,000
G19
296,000
G20
278,000
G21
87,000
G22
124,000
Total
4,989,000
5,856,571
3,476,608
List1.Populationsofcorrespondingregions
Ⅲ.Thebasicassumptions
Ⅳ.Nomenclature
Ⅴ.Medicinesupplementmodel
5.1Modelanalysis
WiththedeteriorationofEboladisease,peopleininfectedareademandmoremedicine.Thusweassumemedicinequantitydemandedkeepstwotimesthequantityofinfectedcases(exceptthedeaths).
Asforthepopu
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