The New York City Subway文档格式.docx
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The New York City Subway文档格式.docx
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srapidtransitsystems,[7]andthebusiestintheWesternHemisphere.ItisoneofthefoursystemsintheU.S.,alongwithportionsoftheChicago'
L'
system,PATH,andPATCO,toofferservice24hoursaday,365daysayear.[8]
∙
Overview
Thesystem'
sstationsarelocatedthroughouttheboroughsofManhattan,Brooklyn,QueensandtheBronx.StatenIslandhasarailline,theStatenIslandRailway,whichopenedin1860andusesR44subwaycars,buthasnolinksto,andisnotofficiallyconsideredpartof,theNewYorkCitySubway,thoughithasbeenincludedonallofficialSubwayMapssince1998.
AllservicespassthroughManhattanexceptfortheFranklinAvenueShuttleinBrooklyn,RockawayParkShuttleinQueens,andBrooklyn–QueensCrosstownLocal(Gtrain)connectingBrooklynandQueens.Allbuttwoofthe468stationsofthesubwayareserved24hoursaday.[9]Contrarytoitsname,theNewYorkCitySubwaysystemisnotentirelyunderground;
largeportionsofthesystem(especiallyoutsideofManhattan)areelevated,onembankments,orinopencuts.Afewstretchesoftrackrunatgroundlevel.
AnentrancetotheTimesSquare–42ndStreetstation,thebusieststationoftheNewYorkCitySubway.[10]
In2005,theNewYorkCitySubwayhita50-yearrecordinusagewitharidershipof1.45billion.[11]Thetrendtowardhigherridershipcontinuedinto2008;
MTAreleasedfiguresthatsubwayusewasup6.8percentforJanuaryandFebruaryashighergasolinepricesencouragedriderstousemasstransitoverautomobiles.[12]
AccordingtotheUnitedStatesDepartmentofEnergy,energyexpenditureontheNewYorkCitySubwayrailservicewas3492BTU/passengermile(2289kJ/passengerkm)in1995.Thiscompareswith3702BTU/passengermile(2427kJ/passengerkm)forautomobiletravel.[13]However,thefigureforautomobilesisaveragedovertheentireUnitedStates.DrivingacarinNewYorkCityissignificantlylessefficientduetothehighlyurbanizedenvironment.[14]
Manylinesandstationshavebothexpressandlocalservices.Theselineshavethreeorfourtracksandnormally,theoutertwoareusedforlocaltrainswhiletheinneroneortwoareusedforexpresstrains.Stationsservedbyexpresstrainsaretypicallymajortransferpointsordestinations.TheBMTJamaicaLineusesskip-stopserviceonportions,wherebytwoservicesoperateoverthelineduringrushhoursandcertainstationsareonlyservedbyoneofthetwo.
History
Mainarticle:
HistoryoftheNewYorkCitySubway
PoliticalcartooncriticalofIRTservicein1905.TheIRTislabeledasthe"
InterboroughRattledTransit"
.
Externalvideos
SubwayColorsandNames,MetropolitanTransportationAuthority,YouTube
AdemonstrationforanundergroundtransitsysteminNewYorkCitywasfirstbuiltbyAlfredElyBeachin1869.HisBeachPneumaticTransitonlyextended312feet(95m)underBroadwayinLowerManhattanandexhibitedhisideaforasubwaypropelledbypneumatictubetechnology.Thetunnelwasneverextendedforpoliticalandfinancialreasons,althoughextensionshadbeenplannedtotakethetunnelsouthwardtoTheBatteryandnorthwardstowardstheHarlemRiver.[15]TheBeachsubwaywasdemolishedwhentheBMTBroadwayLinewasbuiltinthe1910s;
thus,itwasnotintegratedintotheNewYorkCitySubwaysystem.
ThefirstundergroundlineofthesubwayopenedonOctober27,1904,almost35yearsaftertheopeningofthefirstelevatedlineinNewYorkCity,whichbecametheIRTNinthAvenueLine.TheGreatBlizzardof1888helpeddemonstratethebenefitsofanundergroundtransportationsystem.Theoldeststructurestillinuseopenedin1885aspartoftheBMTLexingtonAvenueLineinBrooklynandisnowpartoftheBMTJamaicaLine.Theoldestright-of-way,thatoftheBMTWestEndLine,wasinusein1863asasteamrailroadcalledtheBrooklyn,BathandConeyIslandRailRoad.
Mapofthe1906IRTsysteminManhattan
Bythetimethefirstsubwayopened,thelineshadbeenconsolidatedintotwoprivatelyownedsystems,theBrooklynRapidTransitCompany(BRT,laterBrooklyn-ManhattanTransitCorporation,BMT)andtheInterboroughRapidTransitCompany(IRT).Thecitywascloselyinvolved:
alllinesbuiltfortheIRTandmostotherlinesbuiltorimprovedfortheBRTafter1913werebuiltbythecityandleasedtothecompanies.Thefirstlineofthecity-ownedandoperatedIndependentSubwaySystem(IND)openedin1932;
thissystemwasintendedtocompetewiththeprivatesystemsandallowsomeoftheelevatedrailwaystobetorndown,butkeptwithinthecoreoftheCityduetothelowamountofstartupcapitalprovidedtothemunicipalBoardofTransportation,thelaterMTA,bythestate.[3]Thisrequiredittoberun'
atcost'
necessitatingfaresuptodoublethefivecentfarepopularatthetime.[16]
In1940,thetwoprivatesystemswereboughtbythecityandsomeelevatedlinesclosedimmediatelywhileothersclosedsoonafter.Integrationwasslow,butseveralconnectionswerebuiltbetweentheINDandBMT,andnowoperateasonedivisioncalledtheBDivision.SincetheIRTtunnelsegmentsaretoosmallandstationstoonarrowtoaccommodate"
B"
Divisioncars,andcontaincurvestoosharpfor"
Divisioncars,theIRTremainsitsowndivision,ADivision.
TheNewYorkCityTransitAuthority,apublicauthoritypresidedbyNewYorkCity,wascreatedin1953totakeoversubway,bus,andstreetcaroperationsfromthecity,andplacedundercontrolofthestate-levelMetropolitanTransportationAuthorityin1968.
TheCortlandtStreetstationaftertheWorldTradeCentercollapse
In1934,transitworkersoftheBRT,IRT,andINDfoundedtheTransportWorkersUnionofAmerica,organizedasLocal100.Local100remainsthelargestandmostinfluentiallocalofthelaborunion.Sincetheunion'
sfounding,therehavebeenthreeunionstrikesovercontractdisputeswiththeMTA,12daysin1966,11daysin1980,andthreedaysin2005.
TheSeptember11thattacksresultedinservicedisruptionsonlinesrunningthroughLowerManhattan,particularlyIRTBroadway–SeventhAvenueLine,whichrandirectlyunderneaththeWorldTradeCenterbetweenChambersStreetandRectorStreet.Sectionsofthetunnel,aswellasCortlandtStreet,whichwasdirectlyunderneaththeTwinTowers,wereseverelydamagedbythecollapseandhadtoberebuilt,requiringsuspensionofserviceonthatlinesouthofChambersStreet.Tenothernearbystationswereclosedwhiledustanddebriswerecleanedup.ByMarch2002,sevenofthosestationshadreopened.Therest(exceptforCortlandtStreetontheIRTBroadway-SeventhAvenueLine)reopenedonSeptember15,2002alongwithservicesouthofChambersStreet.[17]
Constructionmethod42ndStreetstationimprovements,1987.
WhentheIRTsubwaydebutedin1904,thetypicaltunnelconstructionmethodwascut-and-cover.Thestreetwastornuptodigthetunnelbelowbeforebeingrebuiltfromabove.Thismethodworkedwellfordiggingsoftdirtandgravelnearthestreetsurface.However,miningshieldswererequiredfordeepersections,suchastheHarlemandEastRivertunnels,whichusescast-irontubes,segmentsbetween33rdand42ndstreetsunderParkAvenue,116thStreetand120thStreetunderBroadway,and157thStreetandFortGeorgeunderBroadwayandSaintNicholasAvenue,allofwhichusedeitherrockorconcrete-linedtunnels.[18]
About40%ofthesubwaysystemrunsonsurfaceorelevatedtracks,includingsteelorcastironelevatedstructures,concreteviaducts,embankments,opencutsandsurfaceroutes.Alloftheseconstructionmethodsarecompletelygrade-separatedfromroadandpedestriancrossings,andmostcrossingsoftwosubwaytracksaregrade-separatedwithflyingjunctions.
Linesandroutes
125thStreetstationontheIRTBroadway–SeventhAvenueLine
Latenightsubwayservicemap
Mainarticles:
ListofNewYorkCitySubwaylinesandListofNewYorkCitySubwayservices
Manyrapidtransitsystemsrunrelativelystaticroutings,sothatatrain"
line"
ismoreorlesssynonymouswithatrain"
route"
.InNewYork,routingschangeoftenasnewconnectionsareopenedorservicepatternschange.Withinthenomenclatureofthesubway,the"
describesthephysicalrailroadtrackorseriesoftracksthatatrain"
usesonitswayfromoneterminaltoanother."
Routes"
(alsocalled"
services"
)aredistinguishedbyaletteroranumberand"
Lines"
havenames.Theyarealsodesignationsfortrains,asexemplifiedintheBillyStrayhornsongTakethe"
A"
Train.ThisterminologyisalsousedtoalooseextentintheTaipeiMetro.
Thereare24trainservicesinthesubwaysystem,includingthreeshortshuttles.EachroutehasacolorandnamedesignationrepresentingtheManhattantrunklineoftheparticularserviceandislabeledaslocalor
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