中英文中英文文献翻译RFID的历史Word格式.docx

中英文中英文文献翻译RFID的历史Word格式.docx

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collectingtollswithoutstopping;

managingtraffic;

gainingentrancetobuildings;

automatingparking;

controllingaccessofvehiclestogatedcommunities,corporatecampusesandairports;

dispensinggoods;

providingskiliftaccess;

trackinglibrarybooks;

buyinghamburgers;

andthegrowingopportunitytotrackawealthofassetsinsupplychainmanagement.RFIDtechnologiesisalsobeingpressedintoserviceforuseinU.S.HomelandSecuritywithapplicationssuchassecuringbordercrossingsandintermodalcontainershipmentswhileexpeditinglow-riskactivities.

RFIDisatermcoinedforshort-rangeradiotechnologyusedtocommunicatemainlydigitalinformationbetweenastationarylocationandamovableobjectorbetweenmovableobjects.AvarietyofradiofrequenciesandtechniquesareusedinRFIDsystems.RFIDisgenerallycharacterizedbyuseofsimpledevicesononeendofthelinkandmorecomplexdevicesontheotherendofthelink.Thesimpledevices（oftencalledtagsortransponders）aresmallandinexpensive,canbedeployedeconomicallyinverylargenumbers,areattachedtotheobjectstobemanaged,andoperateautomatically.Themorecomplexdevices（oftencalledreaders,interrogators,beacons）aremorecapableandareusuallyconnectedtoahostcomputerornetwork.Radiofrequenciesfrom100kHzto10GHzhavebeenused.

ThetagsareusuallybuiltusingCMOScircuitrywhileothertechnologiescanbeusedsuchassurfaceacousticwave（SAW）devicesortunedresonators.Tagscanbepoweredbyabatteryorbyrectificationoftheradiosignalsentbythereader.Tagscansenddatatothereaderbychangingtheloadingofthetagantennainacodedmannerorbygenerating,modulating,andtransmittingaradiosignal.Avarietyofmodulationandcodingtechniqueshavebeenused.RFIDsystemscanbereadonly（dataistransferredonlyinonedirection,fromthetagtothereader）orreadandwrite（two-waycommunication）.

AtypicalRFIDsystemcanusetheprincipleofmodulatedbackscatter（seeFig.1）.InthistypeofRFIDsystem,totransferdatafromthetagtothereader,thereadersendsanun-modulatedsignaltothetag.Thetagreadsitsinternalmemoryofstoreddataandchangestheloadingonthetagantennainacodedmannercorrespondingtothestoreddata.Thesignalreflectedfromthetagisthusmodulatedwiththiscodedinformation.Thismodulatedsignalisreceivedbythereader,demodulatedusingahomodynereceiver,anddecodedandoutputasdigitalinformationthatcontainsthedatastoredinthetag.Tosenddatafromthereadertothetag,thereaderamplitudemodulatesitstransmittedradiosignal.Thismodulatedsignalisreceivedbythetaganddetectedwithadiode.Thedatacanbeusedtocontroloperationofthetag,orthetagcanstorethedata.Asimplediodedetectorallowsthedetectioncircuitryinthetagtobesimpleandconsumelittlepower.

Mankind’suseandunderstandingofelectricity,magnetism,andelectromagneticinveryearlytimeswaslimitedtohiseyesight,observationofelectrostaticdischarge（don’tstandunderalargetreeduringalightningstorm）,andthemagneticpropertiesoflodestones.Earlyapplicationsprobablyincludedmakinglightwithfire,useofmirrorsforsignaling,anduseoflodestonesfornavigation.

Scientificunderstandingprogressedveryslowlyuntilaboutthe1600s.Fromthe1600sto1800stherewasanexplosionofobservationalknowledgeofelectricity,magnetism,andopticsaccompaniedbyagrowingbaseofmathematicallyrelatedobservations.The1800smarkedthebeginningofthefundamentalunderstandingofelectromagneticenergy.In1846,EnglishexperimentalistMichaelFaradayproposedthatbothlightandradiowavesareaformofelectromagneticenergy.In1864,ScottishphysicistJamesClerkMaxwellpublishedhistheoryonelectromagnetic.In1887,GermanphysicistHeinrichRudolfHertzconfirmedMaxwell’selectromagnetictheoryandproducedandstudiedelectromagneticwaves（radiowaves）.Hertziscreditedasthefirsttotransmitandreceiveradiowaves,andhisdemonstrationswerefollowedquicklybyAleksandrPopovinRussia.

In1896,GuglielmoMarconidemonstratedthefirstsuccessfultransmissionofradiotelegraphyacrosstheAtlantic,andtheworldwouldneverbethesame.

Forwardto20thcentury

In1906,ErnstF.W.Alexandersondemonstratedthefirstcontinuouswave（CW）radiogenerationandtransmissionofradiosignals.Thisachievementmarksthebeginningofmodernradiocommunication,whereallaspectsofradiowavesarecontrolled.Theearly20thcenturywasconsideredthebirthofradar.TheworkinradarduringWorldWarIIwasassignificantatechnicaldevelopmentastheManhattanProject.Radarsendsoutradiowavesfordetectingandlocatinganobjectbythereflectionoftheradiowaves.Thisreflectioncandeterminethepositionandspeedofanobject.Radar’ssignificancewasquicklyunderstoodbythemilitary,somanyoftheearlydevelopmentswereshroudedinsecrecy.

SinceoneformofRFIDisthecombinationofradiobroadcasttechnologyandradar,itisnotunexpectedthattheconvergenceofthesetworadiodisciplinesandthethoughtsofRFIDoccurredontheheelsofthedevelopmentofradar.

Genesisofanidea

Anearly,ifnotthefirst,workexploringRFIDisthelandmarkpaperbyHarryStockman,“CommunicationbyMeansofReflectedPower,”publishedin1948.Stockmanstated“Evidently,considerableresearchanddevelopmentworkhastobedonebeforetheremainingbasicproblemsinreflected-powercommunicationaresolved,andbeforethefieldofusefulapplicationsisexplored.”

ThirtyyearswouldpassbeforeStockman’svisionwouldreachfruition.Otherdevelopmentswereneeded:

thetransistor,theintegratedcircuit,themicroprocessor,developmentofcommunicationnetworks,andchangesinwaysofdoingbusiness.ThesuccessofRFIDwouldhavetowaitawhile.

Muchhashappenedinthe57yearssinceStockman’swork.The1950swereaneraofexplorationofRFIDtechniquesfollowingtechnicaldevelopmentsinradioandradarinthe1930sand1940s.SeveraltechnologiesrelatedtoRFIDwerebeingexploredsuchasthelongrangetranspondersystemsof“identification,friend,orfoe”（IFF）foraircraft.Developmentsofthe1950sincludesuchworksasD.B.Harris’s“Radiotransmissionsystemswithmodulatablepassiveresponder.”ThewheelsofRFIDdevelopmentwereturning.

RFIDbecomesreality

The1960swerethepreludetotheRFIDexplosionofthe1970s.R.F.HarringtonstudiedtheelectromagnetictheoryrelatedtoRFIDinhispapersincluding“TheoryofLoadedScatterers”in1964.InventorswerebusywithRFID-relatedinventionssuchasRobertRichardson’s“Remotelyactivatedradiofrequencypowereddevices,”andJ.H.Vogelman’s“Passivedatatransmissiontechniquesutilizingradarechoes.”

Commercialactivitieswerebeginninginthe1960s.SensormaticandCheckpointwerefoundedinthelate1960s.Thesecompanies,withotherssuchasKnogo,developedelectronicarticlesurveillance（EAS）equipmenttocounterthetheftofmerchandise.Thesetypesofsystemsareoftenuse1-btags;

onlythepresenceorabsenceofatagcouldbedetected,butthetagscouldbemadeinexpensivelyandprovidedeffectiveantitheftmeasures.Thesetypesofsystemsusedeithermicrowave（generationofharmonicsusingasemiconductor）orinductive（resonantcircuits）technology.EASisarguablythefirstandmostwidespreadcommercialuseofRFID.Tagscontainingmultiplebitsweregenerallyexperimentalinnatureandwerebuiltwithdiscretecomponents.Whilesingle-bitEAStagsweresmall,multi-bittagswerethesizeofaloafofbread,constrainedinsizebythedictatesofthecircuitry.

Inthe1970sdevelopers,inventors,companies,academicinstitutions,andgovernmentlaboratorieswereactivelyworkingonRFID,andnotableadvanceswerebeingrealizedatresearchlaboratoriesandacademicinstitutionssuchasLosAlamosScientificLaboratory,NorthwesternUniversity,andtheMicrowaveInstituteFoundationinSweden.AnearlyandimportantdevelopmentwastheLosAlamosworkthatwaspresentedbyAlfredKoelle,StevenDepp,andRobertFreyman,“Short-RangeRadio-TelemetryforElectronicIdentificationUsingModulatedBackscatter,”in1975.Thisdevelopmentsignaledthebeginningofpractical,completelypassivetagswithanoperationalrangeoftensofmeters.LargecompanieswerealsodevelopingRFIDtechnology,suchasRaytheon’sRaytagin1973andRichardKlenschofRCAdevelopinganelectronicidentificationsystemin1975.

ThePortAuthorityofNewYorkandNewJerseywasalsotestingsystemsbuiltbyGeneralElectric,Westinghouse,Philips,andGlenayre.Resultswerefavorable,butthefirstcommerciallysuccessfultransportationapplicationofRFID,electronictollcollection,wasnotyetreadyforprimetime.

The1970swerecharacterizedprimarilybydevelopmentalwork.Intendedapplicationswereforanimaltracking,vehicletracking,andfactoryautomation.ExamplesofanimaltaggingeffortswerethemicrowavesystemsatLosAlamosandIdentronixandtheinductivesystemsinEurope.InterestinanimaltaggingwashighinEurope.AlfaLaval,Nedap,andothersweredevelopingRFIDsystems.

TransportationeffortsincludedworkatLosAlamosandbytheInternationalBridgeTurnpikeandTunnelAssociation（IBTTA）andtheUnitedStatesFederalHighwayAdministration.Thelattertwosponsoredaconferencein1973thatconcludedtherewasnonationalinterestindev