大学六级模拟981Word文件下载.docx
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大学六级模拟981Word文件下载.docx
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1.对这种做法有人表示支持
2.有人并不赞成
3.我认为……
ShouldForeignAbbreviationsBeBannedonTV?
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PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)
Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.
FactorsforStressandAnxiety
Atsomepointintheirlivesvirtuallyeveryonewillexperiencestressfuleventsorsituationsthatoverwhelmtheirnaturalcopingmechanisms.Inonepoll,89%ofrespondentsindicatedthattheyhadexperiencedseriousstressintheirlives.Somepeoplearesimplybiologicallypronetostress.Factorsleadingtostressandanxietymainlyareasfollows:
RiskFactors
Conditionsthataremostlikelytobeassociatedwithstressandnegativephysicaleffectsincludethefollowing:
*Anaccumulationofpersistentstressfulsituations,particularlythosethatapersoncannoteasilycontrol(forexample,high-pressuredworkplusanunhappyrelationship).
*Persistentstressfollowingasevereacuteresponsetoastabbingevent(suchasanautomobileaccident).
*Acutestressaccompanyingseriousillness,suchasheartdisease.
Peoplerespondtostressdifferently,dependingondifferentfactors:
*Earlynurturing:
Abusivebehaviortowardschildrenmaycauselong-termabnormalities(反常)inthehypothalamus-pituitarysystem,whichregulatesstress.
*Personalitytraits:
Certainpeoplehavepersonalitytraitsthatcausethemtoover-respondtostressfulevents.
*Geneticfactors:
Somepeoplehavegeneticfactorsthataffectstress,suchashavingamoreorlessefficientrelaxationresponse.Onestudyfoundageneticabnormalityinserotonin(血清素)regulationthatwasconnectedwithaheightenedreactionofheartratesandbloodpressureinresponsetostress.(Serotoninisabrainchemicalinvolvedwithfeelingsofwell-being.)
*Immune-regulateddiseases:
Certaindiseasesthatareassociatedwithimmuneabnormalitiessuchasrheumatoidarthritis(类风湿性关节炎)mayactuallyweakenaresponsetostress.
*Thelengthandqualityofstressors:
Naturally,thelongerthedurationandthemoreintensethestressors,themoreharmfultheeffects.
ChildhoodFactors
Childrenarefrequentvictimsofstressbecausetheyareoftenunabletocommunicatetheirfeelingsaccurately.Theyalsohavetroublecommunicatingtheirresponsestoeventsoverwhichtheyhavenocontrol.Certainphysicalsymptoms,notablyrepeatedabdominalpainwithoutaknowncause,maybeindicatorsofstressinchildren.Variousconditionscanaffecttheirsusceptibilitytostress.
Parentalstress,especiallyinmothers,isaparticularlypowerfulsourceofstressinchildren,evenmoreimportantthanpovertyorovercrowding.Youngchildrenofmotherswhoarehighlystressed(particularlyiftheyweredepressed)tendtobeathighriskfordevelopingstress-relatedproblems.Thismaybeespeciallytrueifthemotherswerestressedduringboththechild'
sinfancyandearlyyears.Someevidenceevensupportstheoldideathatstressduringpregnancycanhaveadverseeffectsontheinfant'
smoodandbehavior.Olderchildrenwithstressedmothersmaybecomeaggressiveandanti-social.Anotherstudysuggestedthatstress-reductiontechniquesinparentsmayimprovetheirchildren'
sbehavior.
Adolescentboysandgirlsexperienceequalamountsofstress,butthesourceandeffectsmaydiffer.Girlstendtobecomestressedfrominterpersonalsituations,andstressismorelikelytoleadtodepressioningirlsthaninboys.Forboys,however,specificevents,suchaschangingschoolsorgettingpoorgrades,appeartobethemajorsourcesofstress.
WorkandStress
Inastudyof46,000workers,healthcarecostswere147%higherinworkerswhowerestressedordepressedthaninotherswhowerenot.Furthermore,accordingtoonesurvey,40%ofAmericanworkersdescribetheirjobsasverystressful,makingjob-relatedstressanimportantandpreventablehealthhazard.
Severalstudiesarenowsuggestingthatjob-relatedstressisasgreatathreattohealthassmokingornotexercising.Stressimpairsconcentration,causessleeplessness,andincreasestheriskforillness,backproblems,accidents,andlosttimefromwork.Workstresscanleadtoharassmentorevenviolencewhileonthejob.Atitsmostextreme,chronicstressplacesaburdenontheheartandcirculationthatinsomecasesmaybefatal.TheJapaneseevenhaveawordforsuddendeathduetooverwork,karoushi.
Manyinstitutionswithinthecurrentculture,whilepayinglipservicetostressreduction,putintensepressureonindividualstobehaveinwaysthatincreasetension.Yet,therearenumerouseffectivemanagementtoolsandtechniquesavailabletoreducestress.Furthermore,treatmentforwork-relatedstresshasprovenbenefitsforboththeemployeeandemployer.Inonestudy,attheendof2years,acompanythatinstitutedastressmanagementprogramsavednearly$150,000inworkerscompensationscosts(thecostoftheprogramwasonly$6,000).Otherstudieshavereportedspecifichealthbenefitsresultingfromworkplacestress-managementprograms.Inoneofthestudies,workerswithhypertensionexperiencedreducedbloodpressureafterevenabrief(16-hour)programthathelpedthemmanagestressbehaviorally.
Ingeneral,however,fewworkplacesofferstressmanagementprograms,anditisusuallyuptotheemployeestofindtheirownwaystoreducestress.Herearesomesuggestions:
*SeekoutsomeoneintheHumanResourcesdepartmentorasympatheticmanagerandcommunicateconcernsaboutjobstress.Workwiththeminanon-confrontationalwaytoimproveworkingconditions,lettingthemknowthatproductivitycanbeimprovedifsomeofthepressureisoff.
*Establishorreinforceanetworkoffriendsatworkandathome.
*Restructureprioritiesandeliminateunnecessarytasks.
*Learntofocusonpositiveoutcomes.
*Ifthejobisunendurable,planandexecuteacareerchange.Sendoutresumesorworkongettingatransferwithinthecompany.
*Ifthisisn'
tpossible,besuretoscheduledailypleasantactivitiesandphysicalexerciseduringfreetime.
Itmaybehelpfultokeepinmindthatbossesarealsovictimizedbythesamestressfulconditionstheyareimposing.Forexample,inonestudyofmalemanagersinthreeSwedishcompanies,thosewhoworkedinabureaucracyhadgreaterstress-relatedheartrisksthanthosewhoworkedincompanieswithsocialsupports.
Caregiving
Studiesshowthatcaregiversofphysicallyormentallydisabledfamilymembersareatriskforchronicstress.Onestudyreportedthatoverallmortalityrateswereover60%higherincaregiverswhowereunderconstantstress.Spousescaringforadisabledpartnerareparticularlyvulnerabletoarangeofstress-relatedhealththreats,includinginfluenza,depression,heartdisease,andevenpoorersurvivalrates.Caringforaspousewithevenminordisabilitiescaninduceseverestress.
Interventionprogramsthatareaimedathelpingthecaregiverapproachthesituationpositivelycanreducestress,andhelpthecaregivermaintainapositiveattitude.A2002programalsodemonstratedthatmoderate-intensityexercisewasveryhelpfulinreducingstressandimprovingsleepincaregivers.
Caregivingamongthehealthprofessionalsisalsoahighriskfactorforstress.Onestudy,forexample,foundthatregisterednurseswithlowjobcontrol,highjobdemands,andlowwork-relatedsocialsupportexperiencedverydramatichealthdeclines,bothphysicallyandemotionally.
AnxietyDisorders
Peoplewhoarelessemotionallystableorhavehighanxietylevelstendtoexperiencespecificeventsasmorestressfulthanothers.Somedoctorsdescribeanexaggeratednegativeresponsetostressastreatingtheeventasacatastrophe.Nevertheless,a2003studyofpatientswithanxietydisorderdidnotfindanydifferencesinactualphysicalresponsetostress(heartrate,bloodpressure,releaseofstresshormones)comparedtopeoplewithoutanxiety.
LackingaSocialNetwork
Thelackofanestablishednetworkoffamilyandfriendspredisposes(使预先有倾向)onetostressdisordersandstress-relatedhealthproblems,includingheartdiseaseandinfections.Astudy,meanwhile,reportedthatolderpeoplewhomaintainactiverelationshipswiththeiradultchildrenarebufferedagainsttheadversehealtheffectsofchronicstress-inducingsituations,suchaslow-incomeorlower-socialclass.Anotherstudysuggestedthismaybebecausepeoplewholivealoneareunabletodiscussnegativefeelingsasameanstorelievetheirstress.
Studiesofpeoplewhoremainhappyandhealthydespitemanylifestressesconcludethatmosthaveverygoodnetworksofsocialsupport.Onestudyindicatedthatsupportevenfromstrangersreducedbloodpressuresurgesinpeopleundergoingastressfulevent.Manystudiessuggestthathavingapethelpsreducemedicalproblemsaggravatedbystress,includingheartdiseaseandhighbloodpressure.
1.Stressismostlikelytorisefromconditionsinwhich______.
[A]twopersonswithdifferentcharacteristicsworktogether
[B]apersonalwaysrecallspastpainfulexperience
[C]apersonhasjustgetoveraseriousphysicaldisease
[D]parentsabusetheirchildrentoomuchinearlynurtur
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