Unit 4 上课材料Word下载.docx
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Unit 4 上课材料Word下载.docx
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thetotalsetofgreenhousegas(GHG)emissionscausedbyanorganization,event,productorperson."
Thenanewdefinitionissuggestedas"
Ameasureofthetotalamountofcarbondioxide(CO2)andmethane(CH4)emissionsofadefinedpopulation,systemoractivity,consideringallrelevantsources,sinksandstoragewithinthespatialandtemporalboundaryofthepopulation,systemoractivityofinterest.Calculatedascarbondioxideequivalent(CO2e)usingtherelevant100-yearglobalwarmingpotential(GWP100)."
Greenhousegasescanbeemittedthroughtransport,landclearance,andtheproductionandconsumptionoffood,fuels,manufacturedgoods,materials,wood,roads,buildings,andservices.Forsimplicityofreporting,itisoftenexpressedintermsoftheamountofcarbondioxide,oritsequivalentofotherGHGs,emitted.MostofthecarbonfootprintemissionsfortheaverageU.S.householdcomefrom"
indirect"
sources,i.e.fuelburnedtoproducegoodsfarawayfromthefinalconsumer.Thesearedistinguishedfromemissionswhichcomefromburningfueldirectlyinone'
scarorstove,commonlyreferredtoas"
direct"
sourcesoftheconsumer'
scarbonfootprint.
Anindividual'
s,nation'
s,ororganization'
scarbonfootprintcanbemeasuredbyundertakingaGHGemissionsassessmentorothercalculativeactivitiesdenotedascarbonaccounting.Oncethesizeofacarbonfootprintisknown,astrategycanbedevisedtoreduceit,e.g.bytechnologicaldevelopments,betterprocessandproductmanagement,changedGreenPublicorPrivateProcurement(GPP),carboncapture,consumptionstrategies,andothers.Severalfreeonlinecarbonfootprintcalculatorsexist,withatleastonesupportedbypubliclyavailablepeer-revieweddataandcalculationsfromtheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley'
sCoolClimateNetworkresearchconsortium.
(FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia)
Passage2
Therapidriseinthenumberofenvironmentalprotestspointstotwoconflictingtendencies:
citizens'
awakeningenvironmentalawarenessandsomelocalauthorities'
obsessionwitheconomicgrowth,evenifitcomesatthecostoftheenvironment.
ThestatisticsreleasedbyanenvironmentalexpertatalecturehostedbytheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople'
sCongressonFridayshowthatthenumberofproteststriggeredbyenvironmentalconcernshasbeenincreasingby29percentannuallysincethelate1990s.ThelatestonewasinNingbo,EastChina'
sZhejiangprovince,wherepeopleprotestedagainsttheproposedexpansionofapetrochemicalplantlatelastweek.
Giventhecentralauthorities'
repeatedemphasisonchangingthecountry'
sdevelopmentmodeandthesustainabilityofthecountry'
seconomicgrowth,aswellascitizens'
strongreservationsaboutenvironmentallyriskyindustrialprojects,localgovernmentsneedtochangetheirmentalityaboutgrowth.
Toomanylocalgovernmentsarestillpreoccupiedwithgrossdomesticproduct,theconcernresidentshavedemonstratedaboutthedownsidesofthispreoccupationshouldserveasareminderthatthequalityofgrowthismoreimportantthanquantity.
Theconflictsthathavearisenbetweenresidentsandlocalgovernments,someofwhichhaveevendevelopedintoriots,showthatsomelocalleadersstillneedtoacquaintthemselveswiththenotionthatresidents'
righttoahealthyenvironmentmustbeadequatelyrespected.
Onceresidentstaketothestreetsorresorttootherextremeactionsinordertomaketheirvoicesheard,localleadersshouldfirstreflectonhowtheyhavefailedthem,insteadofaccusingthecitizensofdamagingsocialstability.
LeadersofShifang,SouthwestChina'
sSichuanprovince,recalledthattheriotinJulycouldhavebeenavoidedhadthelocalgovernmentmademoretransparenttheentireprocessfortheplanningofthecopperplantandhadmorecommunicationwithresidents.
Topreventsuchincidents,governmentsatalllevelsneedtoincreasetheirgoverningtransparencyandshowproperconcernforpeople'
sinterestswhendrawinguptheirdevelopmentplans.
Bydoingthistheywillbeabletoplaytheirpartinthenecessarytransformationoftheeconomicgrowthmode.
(FromChinaDaily10/29/2012page8)
Passage3
ACalltoAction
Tocontinueordieout?
That'
sthequestionfacingtheKyotoProtocol,whichsetsbindingemissionreductiontargetsfordevelopedcountries,asthefirstphaseoftheprotocolwillcometoanendonDecember31.Thefateofthe15-year-oldKyotoProtocolwillbedecidedbyparticipatinggovernmentsattheongoingUNClimateChangeConferenceinDoha,Qatar.
TheDohaconferenceshouldprioritizetheimplementationofpreviousconsensus,whichincludescompletingnegotiationsonthe2007BaliActionPlan,adoptingandimplementingalegallybindingsecondcommitmentperiodoftheKyotoProtocolandofferingsupporttodevelopingcountriesintermsoffunding,technologytransferandcapacitybuilding,saidXieZhenhua,ViceChairmanoftheNationalDevelopmentandReformCommissionofChina,ataconferenceunveilingadocumenttitledChina'
sPoliciesandActionsforAddressingClimateChange2012inBeijingonNovember21.
Thornyproblems
ThesecondcommitmentperiodoftheKyotoProtocolappearedtohavebeensettledattheDurbanconferencelastyear,butissuesrelatedtoitsimplementationwillbeheatedlydiscussedattheDohaconference,saidSuWei,China'
schiefclimatechangenegotiator,inaDohamediabriefing.
AccordingtoaUNpressrelease,keyissuesundertheKyotoProtocolthatmustbedecidedinclude:
thelengthofthesecondcommitmentperiodandhowtoconverttargetsintoso-called"
quantifiedemissionlimitationandreductionobjectives"
—theunitsofbindingreductioncommitments,aswellashowtocarryoverunusedemissioncreditsofeconomiesintransitionintothesecondphaseoftheprotocol.
Itwillbeverydifficulttosetamechanismaimingtoraiseemissionreductiontargetsfordevelopedcountriesinthenextfewyears,Susaid.
AttheDohaconference,governmentsalsoneedtodecidewhichelementsoftheBaliActionPlanhavebeenachieved,whatadditionaldecisionscanbetakenandwhichelementsmayneedtobefurtheraddressed.
Unresolvedissuesincludehowtoapplytheprincipleof"
commonbutdifferentiatedresponsibilities,"
howtomanageintellectualpropertyrightsinthetransferoftechnology,andhowtoavoidsettingtradebarriersinthenameofcopingwithclimatechange,saidSu.
NegotiationsontheDurbanPlatformwillsparkafiercedebate.LastyearinDurban,governmentsdecidedtoreachauniversalclimatechangeagreementcoveringallcountriesfrom2020,tobeadoptedby2015.ThiswasacompromisecomingoutoftheextendedhoursofdebateattheDurbanconference.
SomecountrieshavemovedawayfromtheBaliActionPlannegotiationsandswitchedtheirfocustotheDurbanPlatform,whichstartedthisyear,accordingtotheClimateChangeGreenPaper2012releasedbytheChineseAcademyofSocialSciencesonNovember21.
ConsensusonsomebasicconceptsandprinciplesoftheDurbanPlatformshouldbereachedattheDohaconference,Susaid.
Ifdevelopedcountriestrytomaketheplatformabrand-newtableforclimatetalksinwhichtheprincipleof"
commonbutdifferentiatedresponsibilities"
isvoid,thosemoveswillgoagainsttheconsensusreachedattheDurbanconference,hesaid.
Fundingconcernswillpresentanotherproblem.AccordingtotheCopenhagenAccordin2009,developedcountriesshouldraiseUS$30billionfrom2010to2012asfast-startfinance."
Thefast-startfinancewillbeduebytheendof2012,and2013isstillunfunded,"
saidSu.
Highexpectations
Therelentlessamountofcarbonemissionsreleasedbydevelopedcountriesintheirindustrializationprocessoverthepast200yearshaveraisedthedensityofgreenhousegases,whichisthemaincauseofclimatechange.Thus,theyshouldshouldermajorresponsibilities,Susaid.
"
Whilesustainabledevelopmentandpovertyeradicationremainurgentchallengesandoverridingprioritiesinourdevelopingcountries,wearealreadytakingambitiousactionstoreduceemissions,"
saidSuwhendeliveringtheStatementbyChinaonbehalfofBrazil,India,SouthAfricaandChinaattheopeningplenaryoftheCOP18."
Asaffirmedbymanyacademicreportsofhighlyreputedinternationalorganizations,ourmitigationcontributionismuchgreaterthanthatbydevelopedcountryparties."
Developingcountriescontinuetodotheirpartthroughallmeansavailabletothem,butmorecouldbedonethroughthefacilitationofappropriatetechnology,capacitybuildingandfinancing,"
saidthestatementbyVenezuelaonbehalfoftheBolivarianAllianceforthePeoplesofOurAmerica."
Developedcountrieshavetobemoreambitious,notless."
IfagroupofAnnexIPartiestotheUNFCCC(mostlydevelopedcountries)canleadwithalevelofambitionthatisconsistentwithwhatthebestavailablesciencerequires,thiswillinspireotherstodothesame,accordingtothestatementdeliveredbyNauruonbehalfoftheAllianceofSmallIslandStates.
TheAfricanGroupsaidinitsstatementthatitwouldliketohaveadecisiononhowtohandlefinanceintheperiodbetween2012and2020.
Initsstatementonbehalfoftheleastdevelopedcountries,GambiaalsohopesthatadecisioncanbemadeinDohatoannuallyscaleupdevelopedcountries'
publicfinancecontributionsfromUS$30billiontoaminimumofUS$100billionperyearfrom2013to2020.
Althoughthelingeringdebtcrisishasaffectedfinancialsupportfromdevelopedcountries,"
thekeyissuelieswithth
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