装载机中英文对照外文翻译文献Word格式.docx
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装载机中英文对照外文翻译文献Word格式.docx
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Abstract:
Virtualprototyping(VP)toolsenableustoinvestigate,explore,andcommunicatetheperformanceandbehaviorofanevolvingproductandthusreducethenumberofphysicalprototypesneeded.Finiteelement(FE)andmultibodysimulation(MBS)toolsarefrequentlyusedforvirtualprototypinginmechanicalengineeringtoday.Thesetoolscaneffectivelysupporttheprocessofproblemidentification,conceptverification,anddetailedoptimization.
TheindustrialuseofVPtoolscanbeenhancedbydevelopingmethodsthatsupportsituatedmodeling,efficientsimulation,andvisualizationbasedonvirtual
reality(VR)technology.InthispaperwehaveconcentratedonthedevelopmentofmethodsforinversemodelingandVRanimation.
Themethodpresentedisillustratedbyasimulationandvisualizationofinternaldynamicforcesinawheelloaderwhenexcavatinggranulatedmaterialsuchasgravelorseed.
Keywords:
Virtualprototyping,inversemodeling,FE,
MBS,visualization
1-Introduction
Virtualreality(VR)toolsoffernewpossibilitiesforproductdevelopment,includingsimulation,skillstraining,andcommunicationwithdistributedcolleagues[1].Virtual
prototyping(VP)usesVRtechnologytoinvestigateandexploreaproductbeforeitismanufactured.TheaimofVPistoreducethenumberofphysicalprototypesneededandthussavebothtimeandmoney.Finiteelement(FE)andmultibodysimulation(MBS)toolsarecommonlyusedforvirtualprototypinginmechanicalengineeringtoday.Thesetoolscanprovideeffectivesupportfortheprocessofverifyingformulatedrequirements.Forexample,theycanbeusedtoevaluateandselectalternativesolutionsorasafinalcheckoroptimizationofasolutionconcept.Theuse
ofVPtoolsisevenmoreeffectiveiftheyaresupportedbyaninformationframeworkforhandlingtheinformationcreatedduringtheverificationprocess.EffectiveuseofVPtoolsrequiresintegrationofmethodsandmodels.Integrationcanbeachievedbyusingvarioustypesofframeworks,suchasproductlifecyclemanagement(PLM)systemsorextendedPLMsystems,inwhichsomemodelscansharedataorbeassociatedwitheachother,asinCAD-FEmodels.AnapproachtosucharesearchframeworkisdescribedintheMOSAICproject(e.g.[2])and[3])whichhasbeenfurtherdevelopedintheVISPproject(e.g.,[4],[5]and[6]).Oneinterestingresearchareathattheseframeworksalsoaddressishowtocapturenotonlythedatabutalsotheknowledgethatisgeneratedduringadevelopmentprojectsothatitcanbere-usedinanotherprojectorusedtoexplainchangesinanexistingproduct.Thisresearchareaalsodealswithtraceability(i.e.,howtofindinformationcreatedearlier);
designrationale(i.e.,thereasonforacertaindesignshapeordesigndecision);
anddecisionsupport(i.e.,theuseofoneormoremethodstodrawaconclusionbasedonthestoredstructureofinformation–i.e.,formalknowledge–thatispresentedtotheuser).
2-Research
TheresearchpresentedinthispaperwasundertakenincollaborationwithVolvoConstructionEquipment(VolvoCE),whichsuppliedtheindustrialproblemandenvironment.VolvoCEalsocontributedmodelsandrealisticdataaboutworkingconditions.AllotherresearchwasperformedatKTHintheDepartmentofMachine
Design.
2.1-VolvoConstructionEquipment(VolvoCE)
VolvoCEisoneoftheworld’sleadingproducersofconstructionmachines,withaproductrangethatincludeswheelloaders,excavators,articulatedhaulers,andmotorgraders.TheVolvowheelloadersaredesignedandmanufacturedonfourcontinents.ThenewrangeofVolvowheelloadersusesmoderntechnology,suchasloadsensinghydraulics,serviceaccessibility,TP-linkage,theCareCab,automaticpowershift,andhigh-performanceandlow-emissionenginestocombineincreasedperformancewithimprovedoperatorcomfortandreducedenvironmentalimpact.
Figure1:
AwheelloaderfromVolvoCE[7]
Becausewheelloadersareheavilyloadedduringnormaloperation,accuratepredictionofstrengthandfatigueisahighpriority.Moreover,becausemachinescanbecustomizedforspecificoperations,therequiredperformanceandbehaviorofeachcustomizedloaderisunique.Consequently,thebehaviorofthecompletesystemmustbeconsideredwhenstudyingthestrengthandreliabilityofthecomponents,andthebehaviorofthecomponentsconstrainstheperformanceandreliabilityofthesystem.
2.2-Researchfocus
AtVolvoCEahighlysystematicprocedurebasedonphysicalandvirtualtestingisusedtopredictthestrengthandfatiguelifeofindividualcomponents.However,itisconsideredstrategicallyimportanttoimprovetheabilitytostudythevirtualbehaviorofasystemofcomponentsorsubsystems,orinotherwords,thebehaviorofmorecompletevehicles.AfirststepinthatdirectionistoexpandandintegratetheuseofexistingMBSandFEtools.
Oneinterestingresearchchallengeistodevelopamethodologythatsupportsmodelingofcomponentsandsubsystemsandenablesreuseofmodelsfordifferentanalyses.Inconsideringthisproblem,wewillconcentrateontheuseofFEandMBSmodels.AnotherimportantissueishowtoassembleMBSsystemmodelsthatneedtohaveelasticcomponents(whichwecanimportfromFEmodels)inordertoenablehigh-qualitysimulationsofcompletevehicledynamicsbehavior,aswellasoperatorcomfortrelatedtonoiseandvibration.
Thedevelopmentofcomplexproductsrequiressimultaneousconsiderationofseveralaspectsanddrawsonamultitudeofcompetencies.Itisthusimportantthatanymethodologydevelopedshouldalsoincludesuitablewaystopresentandcommunicatesimulationresults.Webelievethatanimationofmotiongeometryandpropertygraphsaswellasscaledforceandtorquearrowscanbeanimportantcomplementtomoretraditionalmeansofcommunication.
2.3-Researchrealization
Theresearchreportedherefocusesontheevaluationandverificationofdesignconceptsthattakesplacecontinuouslyanditerativelyduringthedesignprocess.Our
approachtothisresearchtopichasbeentotreatitaspartofthedesignprocess.Theevaluationprocesscanbecharacterizedasanexploratoryprocessthatisbuiltaround
questionsandanswersuntilallprincipaluncertaintyaboutaconcepthasbeenrevealed(i.e.,thecomplexityismanaged).
Themodelingapproachthathasbeenchosenisasystemsapproach,inwhichpartsaretreatedassubsystemsthatcanbeconnectedatspecificconnectionpoints.The
configurationofthesystemmodelstobesimulatedisthenapartoftheevaluationprocess.Theworkpresentedherecenteredonanindustrialapplication,namelyawheelloaderfromVolvoCEperformingadiggingoperationinapileofgranulatedmaterial.Thisapplicationhasbeenusedtoguidetheresearchaswehavesoughttodevelopamethodologyforsimulation-assisteddecision-makinginthedesignprocessandenablingareas.Thuswehaveexamined
•methodsforarchitectingmodularsystemmodelsandconfiguringreusableandmodularsimulationmodels.
•methodsforintegratingmeasurementswithsimulationmodelexperimentationingeneralandinversemodelinginparticular.
•methodsforpresentingandcommunicatingtheresultsofsimulations.
3-Decision-making
Ageneralthoughroughdescriptionofadesignprocessisthestage-gatemodel,inwhichtheprocessisdividedintoanumberofpredefinedphaseswithgatesbetweenthem.Decisionsaretakencontinuouslyduringthedesignwork,butmajordecisionsareconcentratedatthepredefinedgatesbetweenmajordesignactivitiesorphases.
Theactivitiesbetweenthegatesarefocusedondetailingandresolvinguncertaintiesabouttheactualconcept,thatis,ongainingknowledgeabouttheconcept.These
activitiesaretriggeredbythespecificationsthatdefinethetargetvaluesforthepropertiesoftheproposedproduct.
Theactivitiescanallbeseenaspartofaverificationprocessthatiterativelyevaluatesallcriticalrequirements,eitherbysimulatingbehaviororbyusingothersourcesof
information,includingcolleaguesandolddesigns.Inthispaperwearefocusingontheuseofsimulationandsimulationmodelsasatooltomakethisevaluation
processmoreefficient.
Infigure2,wehaveillustratedtheconceptverificationprocesstakingplacebetweentwogatesinthedevelopmentprocess.Themainactivityinthisprocessis“investigate
problem”,wheretheproblemiswhateverisunknownaboutarequirementandneedstobefurtherinvestigated.Thedatabasesymbolsindicatethatforeachstepinthis
processthereareanumberofpredefinedmodelsthatmaybecandidatesforuseinsolvinganactualproblem.
3.1-ModelArchitectingandConfiguration
Animportantpartoftheverificationprocessistheabilitytoconfiguresystemmodels,eachadaptedtoperformaspecifictask,andeachconsistingofmodelsofcomponents
andsubsystems.Tobeabletoanalyzethissystem,theremustalsobeafeasiblelevelofdetailandafeasiblesimulationtool.
Toachievethisgoal,theproductconceptbeingstudiedmustbedividedintocomponentsandsubsystemsthatcanbemodeledseparately.Modelsofcomponentsandsubsystemsarebothreferredtoassubsystemmodelsinwhatfollows.
Wealsoneedtodefineawaytoconfiguresystemmodelsfromthesesubsystemsmodels.Ourapproachisbasedonidentifyingandrepresentingtheconnectionsbetweensubsystemmodels(see[8]).Indiscussingtheseconnections,werefertotheconnectionpointatthesubsystemasthematingfeature,andthephysical
connectionastheinterfacefeature.Figure3showsasystemmodelofaliftingunitcomprisingsubsystemmodelsthatar
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