土地流转外文文献中英文对照Word文档格式.docx
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土地流转外文文献中英文对照Word文档格式.docx
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土地资源与城乡规划学院
专业:
土地资源管理
班级:
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指导教师:
外文文献
CHENBaifeng
SchoolofLaw,ZhongnanUniversityofEconomicsandLaw;
ResearchCenterforRuralChinaGovernance,HuazhongUniversityofScienceandTechnology
Abstract:
Peasants’motivationandpurposefortransferringlandvaryfromtimetotime.Basedonasurveyof10villagesinJingshancounty,Hunanprovince,thisarticlefindsthatthespecificformsofrurallandtransferincludeactivelong-termtransfer,passivelong-termtransferandshort-termtransfer.Landtransferhasanimportantimpactonthestratificationofthepeasantry.Presentinstitutionalarrangementsforlandignorethelegitimateinterestsofmigrantfamiliesandpoorandweakvillagersandthereforetheyholddifferentattitudestowardlandtenureinstitutionsthanmiddlepeasantsdo.Basedontheconclusionsofanempiricalanalysis,thisarticleputsforwardaseriesofpolicyrecommendationsaimedatprotectingthelandrightsofpoorandweakpeasanthouseholds.
Keywords:
landtransfer,stratum,peasantstratification,landtenurearrangement
Landtransferisthefocusofcurrentdebatesontheinstitutionalchangeofland.Manyscholarshaveconductedresearchontheforms,causesandimplicationsoflandtransferandhavecomeupwithmeasuresandcountermeasurestostandardizethetransferofland.Specialattentionhasbeenpaidtotheroleoflandtransferinagrarianrestructuring,industrialization,moderate-scale
operation,rurallabortransferandpeasantincomeenhancement.However,suchstudiesrarely
involveland’simpactonchangesinthehierarchicalstructureofcurrentruralChina.Chen
ChengwenandLuoZhongyong(2006)focusondissectingtheoverallruralstructureand
examiningtheroleoflandtransferinreconstructingtheruralsocialstructure.Somescholarsargue
thatderegulatingthetransferoflandwillleadtopolarizationamongthepeasantry(WenTiejun,
2008;
LiChangping,2008),butsuchanargumentismerelyamacrojudgmentwithoutfactual
supportatthemicrolevel.Chinaisahugecountrywithunevendevelopmentinruralareas;
peasantstratificationisanythingbutastrangephenomenon.Therefore,weshallpaymore
attentiontoobservingthestratificationofthepeasantryatthemicrolevel.
InclassicalMarxisttheory,theinstitutionalconditionsoflandareanimportantbasisofclassand
stratification.Inthe1930s,ChenHansheng,etal,proceededwithanobservationoftheland
tenureinstitutionsandscientificallysubstantiatedthefeudalfactor-drivenclassrelationsinrural
Chinaandthesemi-colonialandsemi-feudalnatureofruralChinesesociety.Intimesof
revolution,MaoZedong(1982,1991)alsosingledouttheinstitutionalconditionsoflandasan
importantbasisofclassandstratification.HeplayedacrucialroleinunderstandingChineseclass
conditionsatthattimeandjustifyingthenecessityoflaunchingalandrevolution.Afterland
reformwaslaunchedinthePeople’sRepublicofChina,landnolongerexertedasignificant
impactonruralclassstratificationandhencescholarsdiscussedtheruralclassstructuremainly
basedonoccupationalstratification(LuXueyi,2002).Aftertheagriculturaltaxwasabolished,
farminggeneratedahandsomeincomeforpeasantsandtheimpactoflandtransferonruralsocial
stratificationandpeasantstratificationbecameincreasinglypronounced.InSeptember2008,we
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conductedasurveyof10villagesintwotownshipjurisdictionsofJingshancounty,Hubei
province.Basedonthequalitativeinterviewandquantitativestatistics,thisarticleattemptsto
discusstheimpactoflandtransferonthestratificationofthepeasantry.
I.Thecomplexrealityoflandtransfer
Afterintroducingthehouseholdcontractresponsibilitysystem,therulingCommunistPartyand
governmenthaveenactedaseriesofpoliciesaimedatpermittingandencouragingthetransferof
landuserightswithinthetermofcontractwhilestabilizingrurallandcontractrelations.The
centralgovernmenthasalwaysintendedtorealizethetransferoflandtenurerightsaccordingto
lawandonavoluntaryandcompensatorybasisandtoeffectivelyprotecttherightsandinterests
ofpeasants.Therealityis,however,verycomplicated.Themotivation,purposeandmethodof
rurallandtransfervaryfromtimetotime.TheactualconditionsalsovaryacrossruralChina.In
Jingshancounty,,landtransferhasgonethroughthreedifferentstages:
Thefirststagebeganinthe1980s.Duringthisperiod,peasantstransferredlandbeforeseeking
jobsordoingbusinessincities.ThetransitiontoamarketeconomystartedearlyinJingshanand
asaresult,landtransfertookplaceearlierherethanelsewhereinruralareasofcentralandwestern
China.
Thesecondstagestartedinthelate1980s.Atthisstage,peasantburdenbecameincreasingly
cumbersome.Manypeasantswereunabletobeartheburdenofthenewleviesandasaresult,they
hadnoalternativebuttotransferorabandontheirfarmlandandsearchforjobsinurbanareas.The
abandonedlandwastransferredunderthestewardshipofvillagecollectivesorcommittees.This
wasaprevalentphenomenonduringtheperiodfromthe1990suntil2004,theyearinwhichthe
agriculturaltaxwasrepealed.
Thethirdstagebeganin2004.Afterabolishingtheagriculturaltaxin2004,thestatenolonger
leviedfeesonpeasantsandinsteadofferedthemvarioussubsidies.Farminggraduallybecame
lucrativeandtheonce-abandonedlandsuddenlybecamesought-after.Inaddition,therewere
dramaticchangesinthemodeandstateoflandtransfer.Ononehand,peasantswerelesswilling
totransferland,andtheproportionoflandtransferredwasindecline.Ontheotherhand,some
peasanthouseholdshadtotransfertheirlandbecauseitssizewastoosmalltobeprofitable.
Inthefaceofdifferentsituations,peasantstransferredtheirlandinoneofthethreemodes:
1.Activelong-termlandtransfer
Activelong-termlandtransferiswhenpeasantschoosetoabandoncontractedlandintheirhome
villagesaftersettlingdowninurbanareas,oractivelyseektotransferthecontractedlandbecause
theyexpecttosettledowninurbanareas.Thisformoflandtransferexistedfromthe1980s
onwardandaftertheagriculturaltaxwasrepealed.Amongthe60villagerswhotransferredalarge
areaoflandinCaozhengongvillage,Jingshancounty,13farmerstransferredtheirlandunderthis
method.Sixofthe13farmerswenttocitieswithouttheirspousesorbecamenon-farmers(private
schoolteachersortemporaryworkersturnedintofull-timeworkers).Thesixvillagerstransferred
theirlandinafoolproofway,andtheynowarelivingadecentlife.Theothersevenvillagers
abandonedtheirlandduetoanoptimisticjudgmentintheirabilitytoworkandliveinurbanareas.
Sixofthosesevenvillagersaremakingalivinginurbanareas,andoneofthemreturnedtothe
countrysideandboughtahouseandaplotoflandinavillageinanadjacenttownship.Amongthe
sixvillagerssettlingdowninurbanareas,fourvillagersliveanaffluentlifeandtwovillagersare
neitherrichnorpoor.Ofthelattertwovillagers,onehasboughtahousewithatileroofinatown
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andmakesalivingbysellingbeancurd;
theothermakesalivingbyworkinginabarbershop.
Whenapeasanthouseholdactivelytransfersitslandforalongperiodoftime,thetransfereeis
naturallyentitledtoacquirethelandforthemutuallyagreed-uponperiodoftime.
2.Passivelong-termlandtransfer
Peasantburdenbecameincreasinglyheavyfromthelate1980sto2003,whenthereformofthe
taxandfeesystemwaslaunched.Becausegrainpriceswereindeclineandpeasantslostmoney
tillingtheland,manyofthemtransferredtheirlandwithoutlittleconsideration.Sometimesthe
transferorevenhadtoofferasubsidyofupto300yuan/mutothetransferee.Sincetaxesandfees
wereleviedonland,abandoninglandmeantleavingtaxesandfeesupintheair,so
grassroots-levelgovernmentsforbadepeasantsfromabandoningtheirlandandforcedthemtopay
taxesandfeeseveniftheirlandwasuntilled.ThisiswhatLiChangping(2002)called“farmers
havetotilltheirlandagainst(their)willwhentheyactuallywishtoabandonit.”Inthissituation,
somepeasanthouseholdstransferredtheirhousesandlandtogethertonon-nativeimmigrantsfrom
mountainousareas;
somepeasanthouseholdstriedeverymeanstomovetheirregistered
permanentresidenceelsewhereandevenendedupbecomingunregisteredresidents.Stillmore
peasanthouseholdspreferredtojustleavetheirlandbehindandgoworkanddobusiness
elsewhere.Consequently,avastexpanseoflandwasabandonedinruralareas.Somevillagers
askedtheirneighborstocarefortheland,butthelandchangedhandssoonafterorwasabandoned
anyway.Whenvillagersabandonedtheirlandandwenttoworkelsewhere,thetownshipand
villagegovernmentscouldnotexpecttocollecttaxesandfees,andasaresulthadtotransferthe
abandonedlandbyeverymeans.
Themodesoflandtransferconceivedattownshipandvillagelevelsinclude“onelandplotper
household”contract,low-pricecontractandchangeoflanduse.“Onelandplotperhousehold”
contractmeansthatinordertoresolvelandcultivationandirrigationissues,thevillagecollective
orcommitteereallocatedlandandconcentratedthelandcontractedto
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