《文学导论》要点整理Word下载.docx
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issometimesusedtosignify"
literature,"
asinthefiguresofspeech"
artsandletters"
and"
manofletters."
⏹Generalmeanings?
①publishedwritingsinaparticularstyleonaparticularsubject(publications,books,brochuresandsoon)
②creativewritingofrecognizedartisticvalue(artisticandliterarywritings)
③theprofessionorartofawriter(vocation)
④thehumanisticstudyofabodyofliterature(subject)
⑤musicalproduct
⑥knowledgeorlearning
⑦reading(supplementaryliterature)
ACrazyAct
♦Literatureisaboutwritinginaparticularcountryofaperiod,allovertheworldingeneral.
♦Literatureisawritingwhichhasclaimedtoconsiderundergroundofbeautyofform,andemotionaleffect.(Aestheticism)
♦Literatureisallthewritingsthathavepermanentvalue,excellentformandgreatemotionaleffect.
♦Literatureisawritinghavingexcellenceofformorexpression,andexpressingideasofpermanenceofuniversalinterest.(criticalmind)
♦Adevelopingterm.
Aestheticism
Aestheticism(ortheAestheticMovement)wasa19thcenturyEuropeanartmovementthatemphasizedaestheticvaluesmorethansocio-politicalthemesforliterature,fineart,thedecorativearts,andinteriordesign.
Generally,itrepresentsthesametendenciesthatsymbolismordecadencerepresentedinFrance,andmaybeconsideredtheBritishversionofthesamestyle.
Itwaspartoftheanti-19thcenturyreactionandhadpost-Romanticorigins,andassuchanticipatesmodernism.Itwasafeatureofthelate19thcenturyfromabout1868toabout1900.
TheartistsandwritersofAestheticstyleusedtheslogan"
ArtforArt'
sSake"
(艺术是纯粹的),tendedtoprofessthattheArtsshouldproviderefinedsensuouspleasure,ratherthanconveymoralorsentimentalmessages.Instead,theybelievedthatArtdidnothaveanydidacticpurpose;
itneedonlybebeautiful.
TheAesthetesdevelopedacultofbeauty,whichtheyconsideredthebasicfactorofart.LifeshouldcopyArt,theyasserted.Theyconsiderednatureascrudeandlackingindesignwhencomparedtoart.
InBritainthebestrepresentativeswereOscarWildeandAlgernonCharlesSwinburne,alsoincludingJohnKeatsandPercyByssheShelley,greatlyinfluencedbytheFrenchSymbolists.
OscarWilde(1856-1900):
a.anIrishplaywright,anaestheteadvocating“artforart’ssake”.
b.Hislanguageisconcise,wittyandsharp.Hecriticizesthehypocrisyandcorruptionoftheupperclass.Hisattacksaremorelikejokes.
c.LadyWindermere’sFan,AWomanofNoImportance,AnIdealHusbandandTheImportanceofBeingEarnest
Adevelopingterm.
Whatisliterature?
1)Thedefinitionof14thcentury:
Ø
Itmeanspolitelearningthroughreading.Amanofliteratureoramanofletters=amanofwidereading,“literacy”
2)Thedefinitionof18thcentury:
practiceandprofessionofwriting
3)Thedefinitionof19thcentury:
thehighskillsofwritinginthespecialcontextofhighimagination
4)RobertFrost’sdefinition:
performanceinwords
5)Moderndefinition:
Wecandefineliteratureaslanguageartisticallyusedtoachieveidentifiableliteraryqualitiesandtoconveymeaningfulmessages.Literatureischaracterizedbybeautyofexpressionandformandbyuniversalityintellectualandemotionalappeal.
DifferentIdeas
♦Literatureisimitation.
♦Literatureisfunction.
♦Literatureisanexpressionofemotions.(imagism意象派)
♦Literatureisliterature.(payattentiontoitsform)
Imagism
1)ItisaMovementinU.S.andEnglishpoetrycharacterizedbytheuseofconcretelanguageandfiguresofspeech,modernsubjectmatter,metricalfreedom,andavoidanceofromanticormysticalthemes,aimingatclarityofexpressionthroughtheuseofprecisevisualimages.
2)ItgrewoutoftheSymbolistMovementin1912andwasinitiallyledbyEzraPound,AmyLowell,andothers.
3)TheImagistmanifestocameoutin1912showedthreeImagistpoeticprinciples:
directtreatmentofthe“thing”(nofuss,frill,orornament),exclusionofsuperfluouswords(precisionandeconomyofexpression),therhythmofthemusicalphraseratherthanthesequenceofametronome(freeverseformandmusic).
4)Pounddefinedanimageasthatwhichpresentsanintellectualandemotionalcomplexinaninstantoftime,andlaterheextendedthisdefinitionwhenhestatedthatanimagewas“avortexorclusteroffusedideas,endowedwithenergy.”
5)GenerallyanImagist’simagerepresentsamomentofrevealedtruth,truthrevealedbyaphysicalobjectpresentedandseenassuch.AnImagistpoem,therefore,oftencontainsasingledominantimage,oraquicksuccessionofrelatedimages.Itseffectismeanttobeinstantaneous.Forexample:
InaStationoftheMetro
Theapparitionofthesefacesinthecrowd;
Petalsonawet,blackbough.
人群中幽然浮现的一张张脸庞,
黝黑的湿树枝上的一片片花瓣。
6)Abouttheabovepoem:
vThe“Metro”istheundergroundrailwayofParis.Inthisbriefpoem,Poundusesthefewestpossiblewordstoconveyanaccurateimage,accordingtotheprinciplesofthe“Imagists”.
vHetriestorenderexactlyhisobservationofhumanfacesseeninanundergroundrailwaystation.Heseesthefaces,turnedvariouslytowardlightanddarkness,likeflowerpetalswhicharehalfabsorbedby,halfresisting,thewet,darktextureofabough.
vTheword“apparition”,withitsdoublemeaning,bindsthetwoaspectsoftheobservationtogether:
Apparitionmeaning“appearance”,inthesenseofsomethingwhichappears,orshowsup;
somethingwhichcanbeclearlyobserved.
Apparitionmeaningsomethingwhichseemsrealbutperhapsisnotreal;
somethingghostlywhichcannotbeclearlyobserved.
ThisisperhapsthemostfamouspoemwrittenbyEzraPound.
1.HisLife:
1)BorninIdahoin1885andraisedinPennsylvania,EzraPoundspentmostofhislifeinEuropeandbecameoneofthe20thcentury'
smostinfluential--andcontroversial--poetsintheEnglishlanguage.
2)Poundwasundoubtedlyagenius.Beforehegraduatedfromuniversity,hehadmastered9languagesaswellasEnglishgrammarandliterature.AftercollegeinPennsylvaniaandabriefstintasateacher,in1908PoundtravelledtoVeniceandthentoLondon,whereherefinedhisaestheticsensibilitiesandeditedtheanthologyDesImagistes(1914).
3)PoundchampionedthelikesofT.S.Eliot,WilliamCarlosWilliamsandJamesJoyceand,influencedbyChineseandJapanesepoetry,advocatedfreemeterandamoreeconomicaluseofwordsandimagesinpoeticexpression,leadingtheImagistMovementofpoetry.
4)HemovedtoParisin1920andgotacquaintedwithGertrudeSteinandhercircleoffriends(whichincludedErnestHemingwayandPabloPicasso),thensettledinItalyin1924.
5)EnamoredwithBenitoMussolini,Poundmadeanti-AmericanradiobroadcastsduringWorldWarII.Hewasarrestedasatraitorin1945andinitiallyconfinedinPisa.HewasthensenttotheU.S.,wherehewasdeemedmentallyunfittostandtrialfortreason.
6)Poundwasconfinedfor12yearsinahospital(actuallyprison)forthecriminallyinsaneinWashington.DuringthistimehetranslatedworksofancientGreekandancientChineseliterature.Whileinprison,hewasawardedaprestigiouspoetryprizein1949forhislastCantos.
7)In1958hereturnedtoItaly,wherehecontinuedtowriteandmaketranslationsuntilhediedin1972.
2.Hisworks:
1)Poundwrote70booksandover1500articlesinhislife.
2)HismajorworkofpoetryisTheCantos,alongpoemwhichhewroteinsectionsbetween1915and1945.
3.Hismasterpiece:
TheCantos
1)Inthispoem,hetracestheriseandfallofeasternandwesternempires,thedestructioncausedbygreedandmaterialism.
2)HedeploresthecorruptionofAmericaaftertheheroictimeofJefferson,
3)Thelastpart,producedfromhisownsuffering,isthemostmoving.
7)ThereexistedgreatinfluenceofChinesepoetryontheImagistmovement.ImagistsfoundvalueinChinesepoetrywasbecauseChinesepoetryis,byvirtueoftheideographicandpictographicnatureoftheChineselanguage,essentiallyimagisticpoetry.
《天净沙·
秋思》
马致远
枯藤、老树、昏鸦,小桥、流水、人家,
古道、西风、瘦马,夕阳西下,断肠人在天涯。
Autumn
Eveningcrowsperchonoldtreeswreathedwithwitheredvine,
Waterofastreamflowsbyafamilycottagenearatinybridge.
Aleanhorsewalksonanancientroadinwesternbreeze,
Thesunissettinginthewest,
Theheart-brokenoneisattheendoftheEarth.
二、Whyshouldwestudyliterature?
♦Itcannourishouremotionallife.
♦Itcanbroadenpeople'
sperspectivesontheworldandofferthemknowledgeintheformofinformation.
♦Itcanhelppeopletoescapefromreality.
♦Fornothingbuttheaestheticpleasureofobservinggoodartistryform.
♦Itcanhelpstudentstowriteapaperorpassanexamination.
三、Howtostudyliterature?
Literatureisnotliterature.
HistoricalPerspectives:
Biographical-HistoricalandMoral-Philosophical.(DiverseTypesofHistoricisms:
includingFeminist,SociologicalorMarxianStudiesofLanguage,LiteratureandTranslation)
StructuralistPerspectives:
LookingforSystematicDeepStructuresbothinFormandContent.(Semiotics,TGGrammar,Systematic/FunctionalGrammar,Narratology,Freudianpsycho-analysis,RussianFormalism,Anglo-AmericanNewCriticism,Archetypalism,MythCriticism,StructuralMarxism,Ideology)
PoststructuralistorPostmodernPerspectives:
DeconstructingStructuringBinaries(NoClearDistinctionbetweenFormandContent)[PostmodernFeminism,Postcolonialism,PostmodernNarratologies,NewHistoricism,IdeologicalStudies,DiscourseAnalysis,ReceptionTheories,TraumaStudies,Trans-AtlanticStudies,Transnational
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