高中化学方程式及离子方程式总结最新Word文档下载推荐.docx
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高中化学方程式及离子方程式总结最新Word文档下载推荐.docx
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苯酚(13
乙醛(13
乙酸(14
乙酸乙酯(15
三糖类、油脂、蛋白质
葡萄糖(15
蔗糖、麦芽糖(15
淀粉、纤维素(15
油脂(16
氨基酸(16
第五部分离子反应(17
第六部分电极反应方程式(20
第七部分热反应方程式(22
一、碱金属
1.钠
Na
4Na+O2=2Na2O
2Na+O2点燃Na2O2
Cl2+2Na点燃2NaCl
2Na+S=Na2S(爆炸
2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H2↑
2Na+H2△
2NaH
2Na+2NH3=2NaNH2+H2
4Na+TiCl4(熔融=4NaCl+TiNa2O
Na2O+H2O=2NaOH
2Na2O+O2△
2
O2
Na2O+SO3=Na2SO4
Na2O+CO2=Na2CO3
Na2O+2HCl=2NaCl+H2O
Na2O2+2Na=2Na2O(此反应用于制备Na2O
2Na2O2+2H2O=4NaOH+O2↑(此反应分两步Na2O2+2H2O=2NaOH+H2O2;
2H2O2=2H2O+O2↑。
H2O2的制备可利用类似的反应2Na2O2+2CO2=2Na2CO3+O2
Na2O2+H2SO4(冷、稀=Na2SO4+H2O2
NaH
NaH+H2O=NaOH+H2↑
NaOH
2NaOH+Si+H2O=Na2SiO3+2H2↑
6NaOH+3S
△
2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O
2NaOH+2Al+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H2↑
2NaOH(过量+CO2=Na2CO3+H2O
NaOH+CO2(过量=NaHCO3
2NaOH+SiO2=Na2SiO3+H2O(常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃2NaOH+Al2O3=2NaAlO2+H2O
2NaOH+Cl2=NaCl+NaClO+H2O
NaOH+HCl=NaCl+H2O
NaOH+H2S(足量=NaHS+H2O
2NaOH+H2S(少量=Na2S+2H2O
3NaOH+AlCl3=Al(OH3↓+3NaCl
NaOH+Al(OH3=NaAlO2+2H2O
NaOH+NH4Cl△
NaCl+NH3↑+H2O
2NaOH+P2O5=2NaPO3+H2O
6NaOH+P2O5=2Na3PO3+3H2O
NaAlO2
2NaAlO2+CO2+3H2O=2Al(OH3↓+Na2CO33NaAlO2+AlCl3+6H2O=4Al(OH3↓NaCl、NaClO、NaBr、NaI
NaCl+H2SO4(浓△
4
+HCl↑
H2SO4(浓+2NaClNa2SO4+2HCl
2NaI+Cl2=2NaCl+I2
NaBr+H3PO4(浓=NaH2PO4+HBr
NaI+H3PO4(浓=NaH2PO4+HI
Na2CO3、NaHCO3
Na2CO3+SiO2高温Na2SiO3+CO2
Na2CO3+HCl=NaHCO3+NaCl
NaHCO3+HCl=NaCl+H2O+CO2
3Na2CO3+2AlCl3+3H2O=2Al(OH3↓+3CO2↑+6NaCl3Na2CO3+2FeCl3+3H2O=2Fe(OH3↓+3CO2↑+6NaCl3NaHCO3+AlCl3=Al(OH3↓+3CO2↑
3NaHCO3+FeCl3=Fe(OH3↓+3CO2↑
NaHCO3+HCl=NaCl+CO2↑+H2O
2NaHCO3△
Na2CO3+CO2↑+H2O
3Na2CO3+2Br2+H2O=2NaHCO3+2NaBrO+2NaBr+CO2↑NaHCO3+Br2=NaBr+HBrO+CO2↑
NaNO3、NaNO2
2NaNO3△
+O2↑
H2SO4(浓+NaNO3△
+HNO3↑
KClO3+6HCl=KCl+3Cl2↑+3H2O
NaNO2+NH4Cl=NaCl+N2↑+2H2O
Na3PO4、NaH2PO4、Na2HPO4
Na3PO4+HCl=Na2HPO4+NaCl
Na2HPO4+HCl=NaH2PO4+NaCl
NaH2PO4+HCl=H3PO4+NaCl
Na2S、NaHS
Na2S+Cl2=2NaCl+S↓
3Na2S+8HNO3(稀=6NaNO3+2NO+3S↓+4H2O3Na2S+Al2(SO43+6H2O=2Al(OH3↓+3H2S↑Na2SO4、Na2SO3、Na2S2O3
3Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀=3Na2SO4+2NO↑+H2O2Na2SO3+O2=2Na2SO4
Na2S2O3+H2SO4=Na2SO4+S+SO2+H2O
Na2SO3+SO2+H2O=2NaHSO3
2NaHSO3
Na2SO3+SO2↑+H2O
Na2SiO3
Na2SiO3+2HCl=H2SiO3↓+2NaCl
C6H5ONa
C6H5ONa+CO2+H2O=C6H5OH+NaHCO3
2.钾
K
K+O2
KO2
2K+2H2O=2KOH+H2↑
K2O、K2O2
K2O+H2O=2KOH
K2O+CO2=K2CO3
2K2O2+2CO2=K2CO3+O2
2K2O2+2H2O=4KOH+O2
KOH
2KOH+CO2=K2CO3+H2O
KOH+CO2=KHCO3
K2CO3
K2CO3+2HCl=2KCl+CO2↑+H2O
K2CO3+CaCl2=CaCO3↓+2KC
K2CO3+2AgNO3=Ag2CO3↓+2KNO3
KHCO3
KHCO3+HCl=KCl+CO2↑+H2O
2KHCO3
K2CO3+CO2↑+H2O
KClO3
2KClO3
2KCl+3O2↑
KI
2KI+Cl2=2KCl+I2
KI+AgNO3=AgI↓+KNO3
KAl(SO42
2KAl(SO42+6NaOH=K2SO4+3Na2SO4+2Al(OH3↓
2KAl(SO42+3Ba(OH2=K2SO4+3BaSO4↓+2Al(OH3↓KAl(SO42+2Ba(OH2=KAlO2+2BaSO4↓
KSCN
3KSCN+FeCl3=Fe(SCN3+3KCl
KH
KH+H2O=KOH+H2↑
3.锂Li
Li+O2△
O
2Li+2H2O=2LiOH+H2↑Li2O
Li2O+CO2=Li2CO3
Li2O+H2O=2LiOHLiOH2LiOH+CO2=Li2CO3↓+H2OLiOH+CO2=LiHCO3
Li2CO3
Li2CO3+2HCl=2LiCl+CO2↑+H2OLiHCO3
LiHCO3+HCl=LiCl+CO2↑+H2O2LiHCO3
CO3+CO2↑+H2O
二、常见金属
1.镁
Mg
2Mg+O2点燃2MgO
Mg+2H2O=2Mg(OH2↓+H2↑
Mg+Cl2点燃MgCl2
2Mg+CO2点燃2MgO+C
Mg+S=MgS
Mg+Br2=MgBr2
Mg+2HCl=MgCl2+H2↑
Mg+H2SO4=MgSO4+H2↑
2Mg+TiCl4(熔融=Ti+2MgCl2
Mg+2RbCl(熔融=MgCl2+2RbMgO
MgO+2HCl=MgCl2+H2O
MgO+H2O=Mg(OH2↓
Mg(OH2
Mg(OH2+2HCl=MgCl2+2H2OMgCO3
MgCO3+2HCl=2MgCl2+CO2↑+H2O
MgCO3+2H2O△
Mg(OH2↓+CO2↑
MgCO3△
CO2↑+MgO
Mg(HCO32
Mg(HCO32+2HCl=MgCl2+2CO2↑+2H2O
2Mg(HCO32△
Mg(OH2↓+CO2↑+H2O
MgSO4
MgSO4+Ba(OH2=Mg(OH2↓+BaSO4↓MgSO4+2NaOH=Mg(OH2↓+Na2SO4↓2.铝
Al
Al+3O2点燃2Al2O32Al+3S
Al2S3
2Al+3Cl2
2AlCl3
4Al+3MnO2高温2Al2O3+3Mn
2Al+Cr2O3高温Al2O3+2Cr
2Al+Fe2O3高温Al2O3+2Fe
2Al+3FeO
Al2O3+3Fe
2Al+6HCl=2AlCl3+3H2↑
2Al+3H2SO4=Al2(SO43+3H2↑
2Al+6H2SO4(浓
Al2(SO43+3SO2↑+6H2O
Al+4HNO3(稀=Al(NO33+NO↑+2H2O(Al、Fe在冷、浓的H2SO4、HNO3中钝化
2Al+2NaOH+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H2↑
Al2O3、Al(OH3
Al2O3+3H2SO4=Al2(SO43+3H2O(Al2O3是两性氧化物
Al2O3+2NaOH=2NaAlO2+H2O
2Al(OH3
Al2O3+3H2O
Al(OH3+3HCl=AlCl3+3H2O
2Al(OH3+3H2SO4=Al2(SO43+6H2O
Al(OH3+NaOH=NaAlO2+2H2O
铝盐
AlCl3+3NaOH=Al(OH3↓+3NaCl
AlCl3+3NH3·
H2O=Al(OH3↓+3NH4Cl
2AlCl3+3Na2CO3+3H2O=2Al(OH3↓+3CO2↑+6NaCl
AlCl3+3NaHCO3=Al(OH3↓+3CO2↑
AlCl3+3NaAlO2+6H2O=4Al(OH3↓
Al2(SO43+3Na2S+6H2O=2Al(OH3↓+3H2S↑
Al4C3+12H2O=4Al(OH3↓+3CH4↑
3.铁
Fe
2Fe+3Cl2点燃2FeCl3
3Fe+2O2点燃Fe3O4
Fe+S
FeS
2Fe+3Br2=2FeBr3
Fe+I2△
FeI2
3Fe+4H2O(g高温Fe3O4+4H2
Fe+2HCl=FeCl2+H2↑
Fe+CuCl2=FeCl2+Cu
Fe+SnCl4=FeCl2+SnCl2
Fe+H2S=FeS+H2↑
2Fe+6H2SO4(浓=Fe2(SO43+3SO2↑+6H2OFe+H2SO4(稀=FeSO4+H2↑
Fe+6HNO3=Fe(NO33+3NO2↑+3H2O
Fe+4HNO3=Fe(NO33+NO↑+2H2O
8Fe+30HNO3=8Fe(NO33+3N2O↑+15H2O10Fe+36HNO3=10Fe(NO33+3N2↑+18H2O8Fe+30HNO3=8Fe(NO33+3NH4NO3+9H2OFe+(CH3COO2Cu=Cu+(CH3COO2FeFeO
3FeO+2Al△
6FeO+O2△
3
O4
FeO+4HNO3=Fe(NO33+NO2↑+2H2OFe2O3
Fe2O3+2Al高温Al2O3+2Fe
Fe2O3+3CO△
Fe2O3+3H2=2Fe+3H2O(制还原铁粉Fe2O3+6HCl=2FeCl3+3H2O
Fe3O4
Fe3O4+4H2△
3Fe+4H2O
Fe3O4+8HCl(浓△
FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2O
Fe(OH2、Fe(OH34Fe(OH2+O2+2H2O==4Fe(OH3
2Fe(OH3
Fe2O3+3H2O
FeCl2
2FeCl2+Cl2=2FeCl3
FeCl2+Mg=Fe+MgCl2
FeCl3
2FeCl3+Fe=3FeCl2
2FeCl3+Cu=2FeCl2+CuCl2(用于雕刻铜线路版
2FeCl3+H2SO3+H2O=H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl
2FeCl3+Zn=2FeCl2+ZnCl2
2FeCl3+H2S=2FeCl2+2HCl+S↓
2FeCl3+2KI=2FeCl2+2KCl+I2
FeCl3+3NH3·
H2O=Fe(OH3↓+3NH4Cl
2FeCl3+3Na2CO3+3H2O=2Fe(OH3↓+3CO2↑+6NaClFeCl3+3NaHCO3=Fe(OH3↓+3CO2↑
2FeCl3+SO2+2H2O=2FeCl2+H2SO4+2HCl
BaCl2+H2SO4=BaSO4↓+2HCl
FeCl3+3KSCN=Fe(SCN3+3KCl
FeS+2HCl=FeCl2+H2S↑
FeS+H2SO4=FeSO4+H2S↑
4FeS2+11O2=2Fe2O2+8SO2
H2FeO4
4H2FeO4+2H2O=4Fe(OH3+3O2↑
4Na2FeO4+10H2O=4Fe(OH3+3O2↑+8NaOH
2Fe(OH3+3NaClO+4NaOH=2Na2FeO4+3NaCl+5H2OFe2O3+3Na2O2=2Na2FeO4+Na2O
其它Fe化合物
Fe2(SO43+2Ag=FeSO4+Ag2SO4(较难反应
三、其他金属
1.锰
KMnO4
2KMnO4△
K2MnO4+MnO2+O2↑
2KMnO4+16HCl=2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2↑+8H2O
2KMnO4+5H2O2+6HCl=2KCl+2MnCl2+5O2↑+8H2OMnO2
MnO2+4HCl(浓△
MnCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O
2.铜
Cu
2Cu+O2
2CuO
2Cu+S
Cu2S
Cu+Cl2CuCl2
3CuO+2NH3
3Cu+N2+3H2O
CuO+2HCl=CuCl2+H2O
CuO+H2SO4=CuSO4+H2O
Cu(OH2+2HCl=CuCl2+2H2OCu(OH2+H2SO4=CuSO4+2H2O
Cu(OH2△
CuO+H2O
CuCl2+H2S=CuS↓+2HCl
CuCl2+2NaOH=Cu(OH2↓+2NaCl
CuSO4+H2S=CuS↓+H2SO4
CuSO4+2NaOH=Cu(OH2↓+Na2SO4
CuSO4+Ba(OH2=Cu(OH2↓+BaSO4↓
3.钙
Ca
CaO+H2O=Ca(OH2
CaO+SiO2高温CaSiO3
2Ca(OH2+2Cl2=CaCl2+Ca(ClO2+2H2O
Ca(OH2+SO3=CaSO4+H2O
CaCO3+2HNO3=Ca(NO32+H2O+CO2↑(用HNO3和浓H2SO4不能制备H2S、HI、HBr、SO2等还原性气体CaCO3+SiO2高温CaSiO3+CO2↑
CaF2+H2SO4(浓=CaSO4+2HF↑
Ca3(PO42+3H2SO4(浓=3CaSO4+2H3PO4
Ca3(PO42+2H2SO4(浓=2CaSO4+Ca(H2PO42
Ca3(PO42+4H3PO4=3Ca(H2PO42(重钙
CaH2+2H2O=Ca(OH2+2H2↑
4.钡
Ba
Ba(OH2+CO2=BaCO3↓+H2O
Ba(OH2+2CO2(过量=Ba(HCO32
Ba(OH2+H2SO4=BaSO4↓+2H2O
3Ba(OH2+2H3PO3=Ba3(PO42↓+6H2O
BaCl2+Na2SO4=BaSO4↓+2NaCl
BaCO3+2HCl=BaCl2+CO2↑+H2O
BaCO3+2HNO3=Ba(NO32+CO2↑+H2O
BaO2+H2SO4(稀=BaSO4↓+H2O25.铅
Pb、PbO2
Pb+2HCl=PbCl2+H2↑
PbO2+4HCl(浓
PbCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O
铅盐
Pb(NO32+H2S=PbS↓+2HNO3
(CH3COO2Pb+H2S=PbS↓+CH3COOH
6.锌
Zn
Zn+S
ZnS
Zn+2HCl=ZnCl2+H2↑
Zn+H2SO4=ZnSO4+H2↑
Zn+2NaOH=Na2ZnO2+H2↑
Zn+2FeCl3=2FeCl2+ZnCl2
ZnO
ZnO+2HCl=ZnCl2+H2O
ZnO+2NaOH=Na2ZnO2+H2O
Zn(OH2
Zn(OH2+2HCl=ZnCl2+2H2O
Zn(OH2+2NaOH=Na2ZnO2+2H2O
Zn(OH2+4NH3·
H2O=Zn(NH34(OH2+4H2OZn(OH2
ZnO+H2O
7.铍
Be
Be+2HCl=BaCl2+H2↑
Be+2NaOH=Na2BO2+H2↑
BeCl2+2NaOH=Be(OH2↓+2H2O
Be(OH2+2HCl=BeCl2+2H2O
Be(OH2+2NaOH=Na2BO2+2H2O
8.汞
Hg
3Hg+8HNO3(稀=3Hg(NO32+2NO2↑+4H2OHg+4HNO3(浓=Hg(NO32+2NO2↑+2H2O
第二部分卤族元素、氮族元素一、卤族元素
1.氟
F2
F2+H2=2HF2F2+2H2O=4HF+O2HF
4HF+SiO2=SiF4+2H2O
2.氯
Cl2
Cl2+H2=2HCl(光照或点燃Cl2+2Na2NaCl3Cl2+2P2PCl3Cl2+PCl3PCl53Cl2
+2Fe2FeCl3Cl2+Cu
CuCl2
Cl2+2FeCl2=2FeCl32Cl2+2NaBr=2NaCl+Br2Cl2+2KI=2KCl+I2
5Cl2+I2+6H2O=2HIO3+10HClCl2+Na2S=2NaCl+S↓Cl2+H2S=2HCl+S↓Cl2+SO2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HClCl2+H2SO3+H2O=H2SO4+2HClCl2+H2O=HCl+HClOCl2+H2O2=2HCl+O2
Cl2+2NaOH=NaCl+NaClO+H2O
2Cl2+2Ca(OH2=CaCl2+Ca(ClO2+2H2O3Cl2+6KOH(热、浓=5KCl+KClO3+3H2OHCl
6HCl+2Al=2AlCl3+3H2↑2HCl+Fe=FeCl2+H2↑4HCl(浓+MnO2
MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O
4HCl(g+O2△
2Cl2+2H2O
16HCl+2KMnO4=2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O14HCl+K2Cr2O7=2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2OHCl+NH3=NH4Cl(白烟2HCl+FeO=FeCl2+3H2O6HCl+Fe2O3=2FeCl3+3H2O8HCl(浓+Fe3O4△
FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2O
HCl+Na3PO4=Na2HPO4+NaClHCl+Na2HPO4=NaH2PO4+NaClHCl+NaH2PO4=H3PO4+NaClHCl+Na2CO3=NaHCO3+NaClHCl+NaHCO3=NaCl+H2O+CO2HClO
HClO=HCl+O2↑
3.溴
Br2
Br2+H2△
Br2+Fe=FeBr3Br2+2FeBr2=2FeBr3Br2+NaI=NaBr+I2Br2+HI=HBr+I2Br2+H2O=HBr+HBrO
Br2+NaOH=NaBr+NaBrO+H2OBr2+SO2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HBr
Br2+H2S=S↓+2HBr
2Br2+3Na2CO3+H2O=2NaHCO3+2NaBrO+2NaBr+CO2↑HBr
HBr+NaOH=NaBr+H2O2HBr+Cl2=2HCl+Br2
4.碘
I2I2+H2
2HI
I2+FeFeI2
I2+2NaOH=NaI+NaIO+H2OHI2HI
H2+I2
2HI+Cl2=2HCl+I2HI+NaOH=NaI+H2O
二、氮族元素1.氮
N2N2+3H2
催化剂高温高压
2NH3
N2+O22NO
N2+3Mg
点燃
Mg3N2N2+6Na=2Na3N
NO、NO2、N2O52NO+O2=2NO2
NO+NO2+2NaOH=2NaNO2(用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的NO和NO2
6NO+4NH3催化剂
△5N2+6H2O
NO2+2KI+H2O=NO+I2+2KOH(不能用淀粉KI溶液鉴别溴蒸气和NO2
4NO2+H2S=4NO+SO3+H2O
NO2+SO2=SO3+NO
3NO2+H2O=2HNO3+NO
N2O5+H2O=2HNO3
HNO3
3HNO3+Ag3PO4=H3PO4+3AgNO3
Al+4HNO3(稀=Al(NO33+NO↑+2H2O
3As2S3+28HNO3+4H2O=6H3AsO4+9H2SO4+28NO↑
4HNO3(浓+C△
CO2↑+4NO2↑+2H2O
2HNO3+CaCO3=Ca(NO32+H2O+CO2↑
6HNO3+Fe=Fe(NO33+3NO2↑+3H2O
4HNO3+Fe=Fe(NO33+NO↑+2H2O
30HNO3+8Fe=8Fe(NO33+3N2O↑+15H2O
36HNO3+10Fe=10Fe(NO33+3N2↑+18H2O
30HNO3+8Fe=8Fe(NO33+3NH4NO3+9H2O
FeO+4HNO3=Fe(NO33+NO2↑+2H2O
3H2S+2HNO3(稀=3S↓+2NO+4H2O
4HNO3=4NO2+O2+2H2O(见光或受热分解
NH3+HNO3=NH4NO3(白烟(用HNO3和浓H2SO4不能制备H2S、HI、HBr、(SO2
3Na2S+8HNO3(稀=6NaNO3+2NO+3S↓+4H2O
3Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀=3Na2SO4+2NO↑+H2O
5HNO3(浓+P=H3PO4+5NO2↑+H2O
P4+20HNO3(浓=4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2O
S+6HNO3(浓=H2SO4+6NO2↑+2H2O
3S+4HNO3(稀=3SO2↑+4NO↑+2H2O
NH3
2NH3+3CuO△
2NH3+3Cl2=N2+6HCl
8NH3+3Cl2=N2+6NH4Cl
4NH3+3O2(纯氧点燃2N2+6H2O
4NH3+5O2催化剂
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