大学英语四级真题含答案1Word格式文档下载.docx
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大学英语四级真题含答案1Word格式文档下载.docx
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AWorthyInvestment
Weeklyearningsin2010($)
Source:
U.S.BureauofLaborStatistics
EducationPays
PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)
Directions:
Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswersheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.
ShouldSugarBeRegulatedlikeAlcoholandTobacco?
Sugarposesenoughhealthrisksthatitshouldbeconsideredacontrolledsubstancejustlikealcoholandtobacco,argueateamofresearchersfromtheUniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco(UCSF).
Inanopinionpiececalled“TheToxic(毒性的)TruthAboutSugar”publishedFeb.1inNature,RobertLustig,LauraSchmidtandClaireBrindisarguethatit’swrongtoconsidersugarjust“emptycalories.”Theywrite:
“Thereisnothingemptyaboutthesecalories.Agrowingbodyofscientificevidenceisshowingthatfructose(果糖)cantriggerprocessesthatleadtolivertoxicityandahostofotherchronicdiseases.Alittleisnotaproblem,butalotkills—slowly.”
Almosteveryone’sheardof—orpersonallyexperienced—thewell-knownsugarhigh,soperhapsthecomparisonbetweensugarandalcoholortobaccoshouldn’tcomeasasurprise.Butit’sdoubtfulthatAmericanswilllookfavorablyuponregulatingtheirfavoritevice.We’reanationthat’ssweetonsugar:
theaverageU.S.adultdowns22teaspoonsofsugaraday,accordingtotheAmericanHeartAssociation,andsurveyshavefoundthatteensswallow34teaspoons.
Tocounterourconsumption,theauthorsadvocatetaxingsugaryfoodsandcontrollingsalestokidsunder17.Already,17%ofU.S.childrenandteensareobese(肥胖),andacrosstheworldthesugarintake(摄入)hasincreasedthreetimesinthepast50years.Theincreasehashelpedcreateaglobalobesityplaguethatcontributesto35millionannualdeathsworldwidefromnoninfectiousdiseasesincludingcancer,heartdiseaseanddiabetes.LindaMatzigkeit,aseniorvicepresidentatChildren’sHealthcare,said“Wehavetodosomethingaboutthisorourcountryisindanger.It’snotgoodifyourstatehasthesecond-highestobesityrate.Obesechildrenturnintoobeseadults.”
“Therearegoodcaloriesandbadcalories,justastherearegoodfatsandbadfats,goodaminoacids(氨基酸)andbadaminoacids,”Lustig,directoroftheWeightAssessmentforTeenandChildHealthprogramatUCSF,saidinastatement.“Butsugaristoxicbeyonditscalories.”
Thefoodindustrytriestoimplythat“acalorieisacalorieisacalorie,”saysKellyBrownell,directoroftheRuddCenterforFoodPolicyandObesityatYaleUniversity.“Butthisandotherresearchsuggeststhereissomethingdifferentaboutsugar,”saysBrownell.
TheUCSFreportemphasizesthemetabolic(新陈代谢)effectsofsugar.Excesssugarcanaltermetabolism,raisebloodpressure,affectthesignalingofhormonesanddamagetheliver—outcomesthatsoundsuspiciouslysimilartowhatcanhappenafterapersondrinkstoomuchalcohol.Schmidt,co-chairofUCSF’sCommunityEngagementandHealthPolicyprogram,notedonCNN:
“Whenyouthinkaboutit,thisactuallymakesalotofsense.Alcohol,afterall,issimplymadefromsugar.Wheredoesvodkacomefrom?
Sugar.”
Buttherearealsootherareasofimpactthatresearchershaveinvestigated:
theeffectofsugaronthebrainandhowliquidcaloriesareinterpreteddifferentlybythebodythansolids.Researchhassuggestedthatsugaractivatesthesamerewardpathwaysinthebrainastraditionaldrugsofabuselikemorphineorheroin.Nooneisclaimingtheeffectofsugarisquitethatstrong,but,saysBrownell,“ithelpsconfirmwhatpeopletellyousometimes,thattheyhungerforsugarandhavewithdrawalsymptomswhentheystopeatingit.”
There’salsosomethingparticularlytrickyaboutsugarydrinks.“Whencaloriescomeinliquids,thebodydoesn’tfeelasfull,”saysBrownell.“Peoplearegettingmoreoftheircaloriesthaneverbeforefromsugareddrinks.”
Othercountries,includingFrance,GreeceandDenmark,imposesodataxes,andtheconceptisbeingconsideredinatleast20U.S.citiesandstates.Lastsummer,Philadelphiacameclosetopassinga2-cents-per-ouncesodatax.TheRuddCenterhasbeenastrongadvocateofamoremodest1-cent-per-puncetax.Butatleastonestudy,from2010,hasraiseddoubtsthatsodataxeswouldresultinsignificantweightloss:
apparentlypeoplewhoaredeterminedtoeat—anddrink—unhealthilywillfindwaystodoit.Teens—nosurprise—aregoodatfindingwaystogetthethingstheycan’thave,sostatepoliciesbanningallsugar-sweeteneddrinksfrompublicschoolsandprovidingonlywater,milkor100%fruitjuiceshaven’thadtheintendedeffectofsteeringkidsawayfromdrinkingsugareddrinks:
theaverageteenconsumesabout300caloriesperday—that’snearly15%ofhisdailycalories—insweeteneddrinks,andthefoodanddrinkindustryisonlytoohappytofeedthisneed.
Ultimately,regulatingsugarwillproveparticularlytrickybecauseitgoesbeyondhealthconcerns;
sugar,forsomanypeople,islove.Aplateofcut-upvegetablesjustdoesn’tpackthesameemotionalacupcakeandnotanappleasanafter-schooltreattoday.Wedon’tdothatregularly—it’sthefirsttimethisschoolyear,actually—andthat’swhatmadeitspecial.Asasociety,couldweeverreachthepointwherewe’dthinkapples—notacupcake—aresomethingtogetexcitedover?
SaysBrindis,oneofthereport’sauthorsanddirectorofUCSF’sPhilipR.LeeInstituteforHealthPolicyStudies:
“Werecognizethatthereareculturalandcelebratoryaspectsofsugar.Changingthesepatternsisverycomplicated.”
Forinroads(进展)tobemade,saytheauthorsintheirstatement,peoplehavetobebettereducatedaboutthehazardsofsugarandagreethatsomething’sgottochange:
Manyoftheinterventions(干预)thathavereducedalcoholandtobaccoconsumptioncanbemodelsforaddressingthesugarproblem,suchasimposingspecialsalestaxes,controllingaccess,andtighteninglicensingrequirementsonvendingmachines(自动售货机)andsnack-barssellhighsugarproductsinschoolsandworkplaces.
“We’renottalkingprohibition,”Schmidtsaid.“We’renotadvocatingamajorimpositionofthegovernmentintopeople’slives.We’retalkingaboutgentlewaystomakesugarconsumptionslightlylessconvenient,therebymovingpeopleawayfromtheconcentrateddoes.Whatwewantistoactuallyincreasepeople’schoicesbymakingfoodsthataren’tloadedwithsugarcomparativelyeasierandcheapertoget.”
注意:
此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
1.Whydosomeresearchersthinksugarshouldbeconsidered“acontrolledsubstance”?
[A]Itcontainsnothingbutemptycalories.
[B]Itisasharmfulasmorphineandheroin.
[C]Itworksthesamewayasalcoholandtobaccointhehumanbody.
[D]Excessiveintakeofsugarresultsinlivertoxicityandvariousdiseases.
2.WhatmightbeAmericans’attitudetowardsgovernmentregulationofsugarconsumption?
[A]Enthusiastic.[B]Indifferent.[C]Disapproving.[D]Supportive.
3.Whatisaconsequenceofexcessivesugarintakeworldwide?
[A]Itcontributesto35millionnoninfectiousdisease-relateddeathsayear.
[B]Ithasincreasedthedeathtollnearlythreetimesinthepast50years.
[C]Itcontributestotheriseofpricesofsugarandsugaryfoods.
[D]Ithasincreasedtheglobalobesityratetosome17percent.
4.Thefoodindustrytriestorelievethepublicworryaboutsugarintakebysuggestingthat.
[A]sugarisnomorethanasourceofenergy
[B]sugarisnotharmfullikealcoholortobacco
[C]thehazardofsugartothebodyisexaggerated
[D]theconsumptionofsugariseasilycontrollable
5.AccordingtoBrownell,liquidsugar.
[A]isespeciallyattractivetoyoungchildren
[B]ismucheasierandquickertoabsorbthansolidsugar
[C]effectivelystimulatespeople’sappetite
[D]increasesyourcalorieintakewithoutyourknowingit
6.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthepracticeofimposingsugartaxes?
[A]Itwillharmthefoodanddrinkindustry.[B]Itisunlikelytoyieldtheintendedeffect.
[C]Itislikelytoalterpeople’seatinghabits.[D]Itcansteerkidsawayfromsugarfoods.
7.Regulatingsugarwillprovetrickybecause.
[A]peopleconsumesugarinlargequantities[B]nothinghasbeenfoundtoreplacesugar
[C]sugarmayconveyasenseoflove[D]manyfoodswillbecometasteless
8.Inordertoreducesugarconsumption,educationshouldbeconductedtoraisepeople’sawarenessofits.
9.Toaddressthesugarproblem,theauthorsuggeststhatthelicensingrequirementsonvendingmachinesandsnack-barssellinghighsugarproductsbe.
10.Agentlewaytosteerpeopleawayfromsugaristomakeinexpensive,low-sugarfoods
.
PartⅢListeningComprehension(35minutes)
SectionA
Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionwillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD),anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecenter.
此
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