全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Word格式文档下载.docx
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全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Word格式文档下载.docx
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Everycatwithanowner:
(14):
isrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning:
webelievethat(15)animalsranthelabs:
theywouldtestusto(16)thelimitsofourpatience:
ourfaithfulness:
ourmemoryforterrain:
Theywouldtrytodecidewhatintelligenceinhumansisreally(17):
notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis:
(18):
theywouldhopetostudya(19)question:
Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein?
(20)theresultsareinconclusive.
1、A:
SupposeB:
ConsiderC:
ObserveD:
Imagine
2、A:
tendedB:
fearedC:
happenedD:
threatened
3、A:
thinnerB:
stablerC:
lighterD:
dimmer
4、A:
tendencyB:
advantageC:
inclinationD:
priority
5、A:
insistsonB:
sumsupC:
turnsoutD:
putsforward
6、A:
offB:
behindC:
overD:
along
7、A:
incredibleB:
spontaneousC:
inevitableD:
gradual
8、A:
fightB:
doubtC:
stopD:
think
9、A:
invisibleB:
limitedC:
indefiniteD:
different
10、A:
upwardB:
forwardC:
afterwardD:
backward
11、A:
featuresB:
influencesC:
resultsD:
costs
12、A:
outsideB:
onC:
byD:
across
13、A:
deliverB:
carryC:
performD:
apply
14、A:
bychanceB:
incontrastC:
asusualD:
forinstance
15、A:
ifB:
unlessC:
asD:
lest
16、A:
moderateB:
overcomeC:
determineD:
reach
17、A:
atB:
forC:
afterD:
with
18、A:
AboveallB:
AfterallC:
HoweverD:
Otherwise
19、A:
fundamentalB:
comprehensiveC:
equivalentD:
hostile
20、A:
ByaccidentB:
IntimeC:
SofarD:
Betterstill
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Readthefollowingfourtexts:
AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA:
CorD:
MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1:
(40points)
Text1
Habitsareafunnything:
Wereachforthemmindlessly:
settingourbrainsonauto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine:
"
Notchoice:
buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd,"
WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19thcentury:
Intheever-changing21stcentury:
eventheword"
habit"
carriesanegativeimplication.
Soitseemsparadoxicaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityandinnovation:
Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelopnewhabits:
wecreateparallelpaths:
andevenentirelynewbraincells:
thatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew:
innovativetracks.
Ratherthandismissingourselvesasunchangeablecreaturesofhabit:
wecaninsteaddirectourownchangebyconsciouslydevelopingnewhabits:
Infact:
themorenewthingswetry—themorewestepoutsideourcomfortzone—themoreinherentlycreativewebecome:
bothintheworkplaceandinourpersonallives.
Butdon'
tbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits;
oncethoserutsofprocedurearewornintothehippocampus:
they'
retheretostay:
Instead:
thenewhabitswedeliberatelyingrainintoourselvescreateparallelpathwaysthatcanbypassthoseoldroads.
Thefirstthingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder,"
saysDawnaMarkova:
authorof"
TheOpenMind"
andanexecutivechangeconsultantforProfessionalThinkingPartners:
Butwearetaughtinsteadto'
decide,'
justasourpresidentcallshimself'
theDecider.'
Sheadds:
however:
that"
todecideistokilloffallpossibilitiesbutone:
Agoodinnovationalthinkerisalwaysexploringthemanyotherpossibilities."
Allofusworkthroughproblemsinwaysofwhichwe'
reunaware:
shesays:
Researchersinthelate1960sdiscoveredthathumansarebornwiththecapacitytoapproachchallengesinfourprimaryways:
analytically:
procedurally:
relationally(orcollaboratively)andinnovatively:
Attheendofadolescence:
thebrainshutsdownhalfofthatcapacity:
preservingonlythosemodesofthoughtthathaveseemedmostvaluableduringthefirstdecadeorsooflife.
Thecurrentemphasisonstandardizedtestinghighlightsanalysisandprocedure:
meaningthatfewofusinherentlyuseourinnovativeandcollaborativemodesofthought:
ThisbreaksthemajorruleintheAmericanbeliefsystem—thatanyonecandoanything,"
explainsM:
J:
Ryan:
authorofthe2006bookThisYearIWill..:
andMs:
Markova'
sbusinesspartner:
That'
saliethatwehaveperpetuated:
anditfosterscommonness:
Knowingwhatyou'
regoodatanddoingevenmoreofitcreatesexcellence."
Thisiswheredevelopingnewhabitscomesin.
21、TheWordsworth’sview:
“habits”isclaimedbybeing________.
A:
casualB:
familiarC:
mechanicalD:
changeable
22、Brainresearchershavediscoveredthattheformationofnewhabitscanbe________
predictedB:
regulatedC:
tracedD:
guided
23、Theword"
ruts"
(Line1:
Paragraph4)isclosestmeaningto________
tracksB:
seriesC:
characteristicsD:
connections
24、DawnaMarkovawouldmostprobablyagreethat________.
ideasarebornofarelaxingmind
innovativenesscouldbetaught
C:
decisivenessderivesfromfantasticideas
D:
curiosityactivatescreativeminds
25、Ryan'
scommentssuggestthatthepracticeofstandardizedtesting________
preventsnewhabitsformbeingformed
nolongeremphasizescommonness
maintainstheinherentAmericanthinkingmodel
complieswiththeAmericanbeliefsystem
Text2
Itisawisefatherthatknowshisownchild:
buttodayamancanboosthispaternal(fatherly)wisdom–oratleastconfirmthathe'
sthekid'
sdad:
Allheneedstodoisshellour$30forpaternitytestingkit(PTK)athislocaldrugstore–andanother$120togettheresults.
Morethan60,000peoplehavepurchasedthePTKssincetheyfirstbecomeavailablewithoutprescriptionslastyears:
accordingtoDougFog:
chiefoperatingofficerofIdentigene:
whichmakestheover-the-counterkits:
MorethantwodozencompaniessellDNAtestsDirectlytothepublic:
ranginginpricefromafewhundreddollarstomorethan$2,500.
Amongthemostpopular:
paternityandkinshiptesting:
whichadoptedchildrencanusetofindtheirbiologicalrelativesandfamiliescanusetotrackdownkidsputupforadoption:
DNAtestingisalsothelatestrageamongpassionategenealogists—andsupportsbusinessesthatoffertosearchforafamily'
sgeographicroots.
Mosttestsrequirecollectingcellsbyswabbingsalivainthemouthandsendingittothecompanyfortesting:
AlltestsrequireapotentialcandidatewithwhomtocompareDNA.
Butsomeobserversareskeptical:
Thereisakindoffalseprecisionbeinghawkedbypeopleclaimingtheyaredoingancestrytesting,"
saysTreyDuster:
aNewYorkUniversitysociologist:
Henotesthateachindividualhasmanyancestors-numberinginthehundredsjustafewcenturiesback:
Yetmostancestrytestingonlyconsidersasinglelineage:
eithertheYchromosomeinheritedthroughmeninafather'
slineormitochondrialDNA:
whichispasseddownonlyfrommothers:
ThisDNAcanrevealgeneticinformationaboutonlyoneortwoancestors:
eventhough:
forexample:
justthreegenerationsbackpeoplealsohavesixothergreat-grandparentsor:
fourgenerationsback:
14othergreat-great-grandparents.
Criticsalsoarguethatcommercialgenetictestingisonlyasgoodasthereferencecollectionstowhichasampleiscompared:
Databasesusedbysomecompaniesdon'
trelyondatacollectedsystematicallybutratherlumptogetherinformationfromdifferentresearchprojects:
ThismeansthataDNAdatabasemayhavealotofdatafromsomeregionsandnotothers:
soaperson’stestresultsmaydifferdependingonthecompanythatprocessestheresults:
Inaddition:
thecomputerprogramsacompanyusestoestimaterelationshipsmaybepatentedandnotsubjecttopeerrevieworoutsideevaluation.
26、Inparagraphs1and2:
thetextshowsPTK'
s___________.
easyavailability
flexibilityinpricing
successfulpromotion
popularitywithhouseholds
27、PTKisusedto__________.
locateone'
sbirthplace
promotegeneticresearch
identifyparent-childkinship
choosechildrenforadoption
28、Skepticalobserversbelievethatancestrytestingfailsto__________.
tracedistantancestors
rebuildreliablebloodlines
fullyusegeneticinformation
achievetheclaimedaccuracy
29、Inthelastparagraph:
aproblemcommercialgenetictestingfacesis__________.
disorganizeddatacollection
overlappingdatabasebuilding
excessivesamplecomparison
lackofpatentevaluation
30、Anappropriatetitleforthetextismostlikelytobe__________.
ForsandAgainstsofDNAtesting
DNATestingandIt'
sProblems
DNATestingOutsidetheLab
LiesBehindDNATesting
Text3
Therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswidelymisunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalike:
Progressinbothareaisundoubtedlynecessaryforthesocial:
politicalandintellectualdevelopmentoftheseandallothersocieties;
however:
theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbe
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