级快读专项Word文档下载推荐.docx
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级快读专项Word文档下载推荐.docx
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3.总体抓结构和大意。
4.根据已有的常识是正确的,但是却不是基于文章,一切以文章为准。
主要用于快速阅读的方法有两种:
1.略读(skimming)
略读又称跳读(readingandskipping)或浏览(glancing),是一种专门的,非常实用的快速阅读技能。
所谓略读,是指以尽可能快的速读阅读,如同从飞机上鸟瞰(bird'
seyeview)地面上的明显标志一样,迅速获取文章大意或中心思想。
换句话说,略读是要求读者有选择地进行阅读,可跳过某些细节,以求抓住文章的大概,从而加快阅读速度。
阅读时,先把文章粗略地浏览一下,看看文章中是否有自己工作和学习所需要的或自己感兴趣的资料和信息,然后确定这篇文章是否值得细读。
在查找资料时,如果没有充分时间,而又不需要高度理解时,就可以运用略读技巧。
略读可以运用下列技巧:
(1)要利用印刷细节(typographicaldetails),如书或文章的标题、副标题、小标题、斜体词、黑体词、脚注、标点符号等,对书和文章进行预测略读(previewskimming)。
预测略读要了解作者的思路、文章方式(模式),以便把握大意,有关的细节及其相互关系。
(2)以一般阅读速度(200~250wpm),阅读文章开头的一、二段,力求抓住文章大意,背景情况,作者的文章风格,口吻或语气等。
(3)阅读段落的主题句和结论句。
抓住主题句就掌握了段落大意,然后略去细节不读,以求得略读速度。
(4)注意转折词和序列词。
转折词如however,moreover,inaddition等;
序列词firstly,secondly等。
2.寻读(Scanning)
寻读又称查读,同略读一样,寻读也是一种快速阅读技巧。
熟练的读者善于运用寻读获得具体信息,以提高阅读效率。
寻读是一种从大量的资料中迅速查找某一项具体事实或某一项特定信息,如人物、事件、时间、地点、数字等,而对其它无关部分则略去不读的快速阅读方法。
运用这种方法,读者就能在最短的时间内掠过尽可能多的印刷材料,找到所需要的信息。
例如,在车站寻找某次列车或汽车的运行时刻,在机场寻找某次班机的飞行时刻,在图书馆查找书刊的目录,在文献中查找某一日期、名字、数字或号码等,都可以运用这种方法。
作为一种快速寻找信息的阅读技巧,寻读既要求速度,又要求寻读的准确性。
题型介绍
快速阅读有两种题型:
其一,一到七题是Y,N,NG判断题,八到十题是填空题。
第二种又回归传统阅读题型,即,前七题是四选一,和传统阅读题无异,后三题还是填空题。
做快速阅读要先看大题目,小标题,或者段首句,再寻找题干中的关键词,然后带着问题快速阅读文章。
Passage1ABlowtotheSoftwarePiracy
ItalianGovernment'
sCampaignAgainstSoftwarePiracyFailsItsPurpose
Thesweepcame;
itwasswiftandthorough.DozensofItaliancustoms'
officerssearchedacrossthecountryandbeganpoundingondoorsinMilan,Bologna,PisaandPesaro.Theirtargetwasalooseallianceofcomputerbulletinboardoperatorswhoweresuspectedoftradinginstolensoftware.Accordingtounofficialreports,theItalianpolicehadshutdownmorethan60computerbulletinboardsandseized120computers,dozensofmodems(调制解调器)andmorethan60,000floppydisks(软盘).Theseofficersweresoeagerandenthusiasticintheireffortsthattheyeventookawaythosedevicesthathadlittletodowithhigh-tech.
Itwasthemostdramaticmoveandamongthemostdeterminedeffortsbygovernmentsaroundtheworldtocheckthespreadofsoftwarepiracy.Softwarepublishersaredeprivedof$1.6billionin1998bytheunauthorizedcopyingofcomputerprogramsbyAmericanbusinessalone.Moreover,thatfigureswellstonearly$7.5billionwhenoverseasmarketsareincluded.Theindustry'
slossonaglobalbasisisstaggering(令人惊愕的).
Butgovernmentactionstostopthelossesmaybecausingmoreproblemsthantheysolve.TheItaliancampaign,whichbeganjustastheright-winggovernmentofmediasuper-businessmanSilvioBerlusconitookoffice,hitlargelyleft-leaningbulletinboards.AnditisseenbysomeItaliansasanill-disguisedattempttosuppressfreespeechonatroublesomenewmedium.IntheUS,awidelypublicizedfederalcaseagainstacollegestudentwhowasaccusedofoperatingapiratebulletinboardmayproduceanundesiredeffectif,asexpected,ajudgerulesthatthechargesfiledagainstthestudentdonotfitthecrime.Theunderlying(根本的)difficultyinfightingsoftwarepiracycomesfromtryingtoguardnewelectronic“property”usinglawsthatweremadewithprintingpresstechnologyinmind.
SoftwarePiracyasaWidespreadPhenomenon
Atfirstglance,softwarepiracyseemsnodifferencefromthatofanyothercopyrightmaterial.PiratedAmericanmoviesregularlyappearinAsiaandAfricalongbeforetheirofficialreleaseonvideo.
Butsoftwareisnotreallylikeotherintellectualproperty.Booksandvideotapescanbecopiedonlybyprocessesthatarerelativelytime-consumingandexpensive,andtheproductisneverquiteasgoodastheoriginal.Software,ontheotherhand,iseasilyduplicated,andtheresultisnotapoor-soundsecond-generationcopybutaperfectworkingprogram.
Therapidgrowthofelectronicnetworksonlyincreasestheproblem,foritallowsanyonewithacomputerandbroadbandtodistributesoftwaresilentlyandinstantaneously(瞬间地,即时地).Morethan90countriesaroundtheworldarealreadyconnectedtotheInternet,aglobalnetworkthatreachesanestimated25millioncomputerusers.
Inmanydevelopingcountries,softwarepiracyhasbecomewidespread.AccordingtoSoftwarePublishersAssociation,95%ofthesoftwareinPakistanispirated,89%inBrazil,88%inMalaysiaand82%inMexico.HundredsoftinygizmoshopsinSeoul'
sYongsanelectronicsmarketofferbrandnameUS-madeprogramsforafractionofthelistprice,includingLotus1-2-3for$7.50(suggestedretail:
$368).
SoftwarePublishers'
EffortsinTakingMeasuresAgainstPiracy
Howtocombatthiswidespreadpiracy?
Softwarepublishershavecomeupwithdifferentwaystodealwiththeproblem,butnotwithmuchsuccess.Theirfirstapproachwastocontrolpiracythroughtechnicalmeans-byputtingcodesintheirprogramsthatpreventedusersfromcopyingthem.Thisstrategyworkedforawhile,oratleastuntildeterminedpiratesfoundwaystogoaroundit.Butthecodesalsomadeitdifficultforlegitimateuserstocopyprogramsontotheirharddrives.Copyprotectionbecamesounpopularthatby1986mostpublishershadabandoneditastheirfirstlineofdefense.Buttheydidn'
tgiveupaltogether.ThroughassociationslikeSoftwarePublishersAssociationtheybeganpunishingpiratesoneatatime,focusingonthebiggestabusers.TheSoftwarePublishersAssociationbeganrunningspotchecksandexaminingcompanyrecordsofmajorcorporations,suingfordamageswhentheyfoundfirmshadboughtasinglecopyofaprogramandthenmadenumerousunlicensedcopiesforitsemployees.TheSoftwarePublishersAssociationalsoopenedahotlineonwhichanybodycanreporttheuseofillegalsoftware.Theorganizationnowgets20to30callsaday,mostlyfromformerorunhappycurrentemployees,andcollectsmorethan$3.5millionayearinfinesandpenalties.TheWashington-basedBusinessSoftwareAllianceisconductingsimilaroperationsoverseas,puttingpressureonforeigngovernmentstoenforcethecopyrightlawswhicharealreadyimposedonthebooks.
What'
stheWayout?
Tryingtoeliminatepiracyunderthecurrentcopyrightsystemmayultimatelyproveimpossible.“Thedraftersofcopyrightneveranticipatedadaywheneveryonecouldviolatethelaws.”saysMichaelGodwin,staffcounselfortheElectronicFrontierFoundation.Godwinthinkssocietymaybeenteringapost-copyrightera,inwhichthecreatorsofintellectualpropertyhavetofindnewwaystobecompensatedfortheirwork.Inthefuture,therealvalueofapieceofsoftwaremaynotbeintheprogramitselfbutinthesecondaryservicesthatcomewithit,suchasprintedmanuals,frequentupgradesandalivepersonattheendofatelephonehelpwhenthethingdoesn'
tseemtowork.Ifsuchbenefitsaresufficientlyattractive,eventhesoftwarepiratesmaylineuptobuyacopy.
1Thispassagemainlyintroducescampaignsagainstsoftwarepiracymadebycountriesaroundtheworld.
2TheItaliancampaignagainstsoftwarepiracycouldbesaidtobetriggeredbyanofficialnamedSilvioBerlusconi.
3SomeItalianthinktherealintentionofItaliangovernment’scampaignagainstonlinepiracyistosuppressfreespeechofopponentstothegovernmentontheinternet.
4Thecurrentcopyrightlawsaregoodforfightingsoftwarepiracy.
5Thespreadofglobalnetworksmakestheanti-piracycampaignmoredifficult.
6Somesoftwarepublishersstillusedcodestopreventcopyingafter1986.
7TheSoftwarePublishersAssociationrewardedthosewhoreportedthatsomecompanieshasmadeunauthorizedcopiesofaprogram.
8ThosewhocalledandreportedtotheSoftwarePublishersAssociationtheuseofillegalsoftwareweremainly________.
9Anotherorganizationofsoftwarepublishers,apartfromtheSoftwarePublishersAssociation,whichisfightingpiracy,is________.
10Thispassagesuggestsinthefuturetherealvalueofsoftwareliesin________.
本文讨论的是软件盗版问题。
第一个标题指出了意大利政府发动的一场大规模反盗版运动的不足;
第二个标题指出了软件盗版不同于印刷产品以及音像制品的特点;
第三个标题介绍了软件开发商们为遏制盗版采取的一些不算成功的方法;
最后一个标题作者指出打击网络盗版的出路也许在于通过提高软件的相关售后服务以促使人们购买正版软件。
1N)题干将本文主旨概括为介绍世界各国为反软件盗版做出的努力。
由上面的文章大意可知,本题干的陈述不够全面,而且本文只介绍了软件开发商们为遏制盗版采取的一些不算成功的方法,并未上升到介绍世界各国这一范围。
2Y)由题干关键词Italiancampaign定位至第一个标题ItalianGovernment'
sCampaignAgainstSoftwarePiracyFailsItsPurpose下第三段第二句TheItaliancampaign,whichbeganjustastheright-winggovernmentofmediasuper-businessmanSilvioBerlusconitookoffice....意大利发起的这场运动,是在左翼政府媒体界杰出商人SilvioBerlusconi任职之时开始的。
由此可知,题干陈述正确。
3Y)由题干关键词Italiangovernmentcampaign和freespeech定位至第一个标题ItalianGovernment'
sCampaignAgainstSoftwarePiracyFailsItsPurpose下第三段第三句AnditisseenbysomeItaliansasanill-disguisedattempttosuppressfreespeechonatroublesomenewmedium.有些意大利人认为其背后掩藏的目的是压制发布在制造麻烦的新媒体上的自由言论。
由此可知,题干陈述正确。
4N)由题干关键词laws和fightingsoftwarepiracy定位至第一个标题ItalianGovernment'
sCampaignAgainstSoftwarePiracyFailsItsPurpose下最后一段最后一句Theunderlyingdifficultyinfightingsoftwarepiracycomesfromtryingtoguardnewelectronic"
property"
usinglawsthatweremadewithprintingpresstechnologyinmind.反软件盗版的根本困难在于人们试图保护无形的电子"
财产"
时,脑子里依据的是为保护印刷技术而制定的法律。
由此可推断,目前的版权法在打击软件盗版方面的力度是不够的,因此题干陈述错误。
5Y)由题干关键词spread和networks定位至第二个标题SoftwarePiracyasaWidespreadPhenomenon下第三段第一句Therapidgrowthofelectronicnetworksonlyincreasestheproblem,foritallowsanyonewithacomputerandbroadbandtodistributesoftwaresilentlyandinstantaneously.电子网络的迅猛增长恰恰提高了(打击盗版)问题的严重性,因为网络使每一个拥有电脑和宽带的人都可以不为人知地、即时地传播软件。
由此可以推断,网络的盛行使打击盗版的任务更加繁重。
6Y)由题干关键词publishers和1986定位至第三个标题SoftwarePublishers'
EffortsinTakingMeasuresAgainstPiracy下第六句Copyprotectionbecamesounpopularthatby1986mostpublishershadabandoneditastheirfirstlineofdefense.由此可知,1986年大多数软件商放弃了版权保护,虽然版权保护不那么流行了,但仍然有些商家在用。
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