美国板栗产业农用机械外文文献翻译中英文翻译外文翻译.docx
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美国板栗产业农用机械外文文献翻译中英文翻译外文翻译.docx
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美国板栗产业农用机械外文文献翻译中英文翻译外文翻译
ProductionandMarketingofChestnutsintheSoutheasternUnitedStates1
RobertC.Hochmuth,RobertD.Wallace,PeterJ.VanBlokland,andJeffreyG.Williamson2
Thisisarevisedcopyoftheoriginaldocument,AnIntroductiontoProduction,Marketing,andEconomicsofGrowingChestnutsintheSouthEastUnitedSates,byR.D.WallaceandP.J.VanBlockland.1989.UniversityofFlorida,DeptofFoodResourceEconomics.Staffreport.#354
Introduction
Chestnuts(Castaneasp.)arerepresentedbyseveralspeciesoftreesinthebeechfamily(Fagaceae).Thechestnutisnativetowarm,temperateareastheNorthernHemisphere.
TheUnitedStatesisoneofthefewnationsintheworldthatcangrowchestnutsanddoesnothaveasignificantcommercialchestnutindustry.BecausetheUnitedStateshassuchasmall(lessthan1percentofworldproduction)chestnutindustry,chestnutsareimportedtotheUnitedStatesinquantitieswithtotalannualvalueexceeding$20million.
Developmentofnewchestnutscultivars,advancesinpropagation,andculturaltechniquesnowallowforexpansionofthecommercialchestnutindustryintheUnitedStates.ChestnutsmaymakeaviablealternativecropforsmallfarmersinFloridawhoarelookingtodiversifytheiroperations.
History
Fewtreecropshaveasmuchhistoricalimportanceasafoodsourcethroughouttheworldasdochestnuts.ChestnutswereoneoftheearliesttreecropstobedomesticatedandwereevenmentionedinChinesepoetrymorethan5000yearsago.TheEuropeansettlersofNorthAmericafoundtheNewWorldwasvirtuallyonesolidchestnutforest.TheAmericanchestnutwasonceamongthemostcommontreesintheeasternforest,fromMainetoGeorgiaandwesttotheMississippi.
Thisamazinglyusefultreeoffersrot-resistantlumber,whichwasusedforseveralitems,fromfencepoststofurniture.Thechestnuttreewasalsoasourceoftannin,inadditiontoitsbeautifulcropofnuts.Buttheaccidentalintroductionofthechestnutblight(Cryphonectriaparasitica)fromtheOrientin1904killedalmosteveryAmericanchestnutintheUnitedStatesinlessthan40years.ThelossofthechestnutintheUnitedStatesisconsideredoneofthegreatestbotanicaldisastersinWesternhistory.
ThechestnutindustryishighlydevelopedinEuropeandintheOrient.TheRepublicofKoreaandChinaarethetoptwocountriesforchestnutproduction;togetherthesecountriesproducemorethan40percentoftheworld'schestnuts.Othermajorchestnut-producingcountriesincludeItaly,Turkey,Bolivia,Japan,Spain,andPortugal.TheprimaryexportersofchestnutstotheUnitedStatesareItaly,China,andTheRepublicofKorea.
ChestnutimportstotheUnitedStatesincreasedfrom4,500metrictonsin2003to5,400metrictonsin2004,anincreasethatindicatesthegrowingdemandforchestnutsamongU.S.consumers.TheannualvalueofchestnutsimportedtotheUnitedStatesismorethan$20million.
ThedevelopmentofnewAmericanxChinesehybridchestnutcultivars--whichareresistanttochestnutblightandproducelarge,sweetnuts--havehelpedtomakepossibleexpansionofthedomesticchestnutindustryintheUnitedStates,includinginFlorida.Thenewchestnutcultivarshavehigh-qualitycharacteristicsthatcompetefavorablywiththeimportednuts.However,thecommercialU.S.chestnutindustryisrelativelynew;mostgrowershavelessthan10yearsofexperience.MajorstatesforchestnutproductionincludeCalifornia,Oregon,Washington,Michigan,Florida,Ohio,andVirginia.
ChestnutEconomics
Chestnutscanbeaproductiveandprofitableorchardcrop.Treesbegintobearafterthreetofiveyears,andimprovedcultivarscan,atmaturity,producefrom1,000-1,500poundsormoreperacreeveryyear.Thenutsbringfrom$0.75-2.50perpoundwholesale,(dependingonnutsize)and$2-5.00perpoundretail,dependingonthemarket.
Marketingofdomesticchestnutshasbeenprimarilythroughlocalordirectmarketsalesmethods.SomeAmericangrowersadvertisefreshchestnutsviatheInternetatpricesofmorethan$10perpoundinsmallquantities,butthispriceincludesFedExorUPSshippingandhandling.Local,direct-to-consumersalesmaybeupto$4.00or5.00perpound,butsuchpricesdecreaseconsiderablyinsalestobrokers,wholesalers,grocerychains,andotherlargemarkets.
TomoveAmerican-grownchestnutsinlargequantities,pricesmusttobecompetitivewithimportednuts,andqualityofAmericanproductionmustbesuperiortothequalitytowhichforeignwholesalebuyersandtheirAmericancustomersareaccustomed.
ChestnutscropsgrownintheUnitedStateshavetheadvantageofreachingAmericanmarketsearlierthanimportedchestnuts,withbetterqualitycontrol,andwithoutthecostsofinternationalshipping.However,thekeytosuccessinmovinglargequantitiesofchestnutsisthroughmarketing,
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