雅思阅读强化标准教程Word文档格式.docx

雅思阅读强化标准教程Word文档格式.docx

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Forpeoplewholiketokeeppoultry,duckoffercertainadvantagesoverhens.Ducksareimmunetosomecommondiseasesfoundinhensandarelessvulnerabletoothers.Somebreedsofduckproducebiggereggsthanhens.Inaddition,duckslayeggsoveralongerseasonthandohens.

Poultrykeeperswithgardenshavelesstoworryaboutiftheykeepducksratherthanhensbecausetheformerarelessapttodigupplantsanddestroyroots.Whilebothhensandducksbenefitthegardenbyeatingpests,hensareknowntodamageherbandgrassbeds.Ducks,ontheotherhand,willsearchforinsectsandsnailsmorecarefully.Onlyverydelicateplantsareatriskfromthebroad,webbedfeetofducks.

Likeallwaterbirds,ducksneedaccesstowater,andduckkeeperstypicallyprovidethisbybuildingapond.Somethingthislargeisnotabsolutelynecessary,however;

ducksneedonlytobeabletodiptheirheadsinthewatertokeeptheirnostrilsclean.Ifapondisprovided,though,itisimportanttokeepducklingsawayfromituntiltheyareoldenoughtowithstandthecooltemperatureofthewaterabouteightweeks.

Whenkeepingducks,onehastoconsiderjusthowmuchthelandwillsupport.generallytheruleis100ducksperhalfhectare.Ifmorethanthisproportionisintroduced,thereisariskofcompactingthesoil,whichcanleadtomuddyconditionsforlongperiodsastherainisnoteasilyabsorbedintotheground.

Whileducksoffermanyadvantagesoverhens,theymustbegivengreaterquantityoffood,especiallyifregulareggsaredesired.anadultduckwilleatbetween170to200gramsoffoodaday.iftheduckshaveaccesstograssandapond,theywillbeabletofindforthemselvesapproximately70%oftheirdailydietary,requirementsinwarmermonthsbutlessthanhalfthatincoldertimes.Thereforeitisimportantthattheybefedenoughfood,suchasgrain,everyday.

Experiencedduckkeepersraiseducklingseverythreeyearsorsobecauseitisafterthisperiodoftimethatducks,egg-layingpowersbegintoseriouslyweaken.Iftheaimistohatchducklings,keepersshouldbeawarethatnotallducksmakegoodmothers,andthatcertainbreedsofduckappeartobeworsethanothers.Thepoormothersabandontheireggsafewdaysafterlayingthem.Asurewayofmakingsuretherejectedeggshatchistoplacethemnexttochickeneggsunderahen.

Theeggsofducksasfoodforhumanshaveamixedreputation.ThisisbecauseofanumberofcasesofsalmonellafoodpoisoninginEuropeinthe1970s.Althoughitwasneverconclusivelyshownthatduckeggsweretoblame,theegg-eatingpublicstoppedbuyingandmanyduckeggproducerswentbankrupt.Indeed.Thereisariskofsalmonellapoisoningwhenduckslaytheireggsindampconditions,suchasongroundthatisconstantlywet,butthesamecanbesaidfortheeggsofhens.AndcommercialduckeggproductioninFranceandEngland,wheretheout-breaksofsalmonellapoisoningtookplace,followedthesamestandardsasthoseusedintheheneggindustry,whichexperiencednosalmonellaproblems.（Storageofeggs,whetherthoseofhenorduck,canalsobeafactorincontamination.Studieshavefoundthatbacterialgrowthreachespotentiallydangerouslevelsatstoragetemperatureof5℃orgreater.）

Thesalmonellascarewasoverbytheearly1980sbut,atleastinsmallermarkerslikeAustraliaandNewZealand,fewproducerswishedtoriskinvestmentinducksforfearofproblems.Nolarge-scalecommercialduckeggproductionexistsinthesecountries.Ithasthusbeenlefttosmallproducers,andmorecommonly,homeduckkeepers.

Questions1-6

Classifythecharacteristicslistedbelowasbelongingto:

DDucks

HHens

orNIifthereisnoinformationinthereadingpassage

Writetheappropriatelettersinboxes1-6onyourAnswerSheet.

ExampleAnswer

morevulnerabletoillnessH

1moreeggsperweek

2lengthierlayingperiod

3lesslikelytouprootplants

4dangeroustograss

5eatmoregrain

6bettermothers

Questions7-10

Completethepartialsummarybelow.ChooseONEorTWOwordsfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes7-10onyourAnswerSheet.

Topreventtheir7fromgettingdirty,ducksshouldhaveaccesstowater.Thismaybeprovidedbybuildingapond,butducklingsunder8ofageshouldbepreventedfromenteringitbecauseofthe9ofthewater.Iftoomangyducksarekeptonaplotofland,theoilmayeventuallybecome10asaresultofcompaction.Forthisreason,itisadvisedthatonelimitsthenumberofducksperhalfhectareoflandto100.

Questions11and12

Choosetheappropriateletters（A-D）andwritetheminboxes11-12onyourAnswerSheet.

11Salmonellafoodpoisoning

A.resultedfromconsumptionofduckeggs.

B.createddifficultiesfortheduckeggbusiness.

C.occurredalloverEurope

D.wasfoundinbothduckandheneggs.

12Duckeggs

A.havebeenproducedinlargequantitiesinNewZealandsincetheearly1980s.

B.aremoreatriskofsalmonellacontaminationthanheneggs.

C.maybecontaminatedwhenlaidinwetconditions.

D.shouldbekeptat5℃topreventcontamination.

P132-135

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonquestion1-13whicharebasedonreadingpassage1below.

Partone

AAirpollutionisincreasinglybecomingthefocusofgovernmentandcitizenconcernaroundtheglobe.FromMexicoCityandNewYork,toSingaporeandTokyo,newsolutionstothisoldproblemarebeingproposed;

trialedandimplementedwitheverincreasingspeed.itisfearedthatunlesspollutionreductionmeasuresareabletokeeppacewiththecontinuedpressuresofurbangrowth,airqualityinmanyoftheworld’smajorcutieswilldeterioratebeyondreason.

BActionisbeingtakenalongseveralfronts:

throughnewlegislation,improvedenforcementandinnovativetechnology.InLosAngles,stateregulationsareforcingmanufacturerstotrytosellevercleanercars;

theirfirstofthecleanest,titled‘ZeroEmissionVehicles’,havetobeavailablesoon,sincetheyareintendedtomakeup2percentofsalesin1997.LocalauthoritiesinLondonarecampaigningtobeallowedtoenforceanti-pollutionlawsthemselves;

atpresentonlythepolicehavethepowertodoso,buttheytendtobebusyelsewhere.InSingapore,rentingoutroadspacetousersisthewayofthefuture

CWhenBritain’sRoyalAutomobileClubmonitoredtheexhaustsof60,000vehicles,itfoundthat12percentofthemproducedmorethanhalfthetotalpollution.Oldercarswe’retheworstoffenders;

thoughasizeablenumberofquitenewcarswerealsoidentifiedasgrosspolluters,theyweresimplybadlytuned,Californiahasdevelopedaschemetogetthesegrosspollutersoffthestreets;

theyofferaflat$700foranyold,run-downvehicledriveninbyitsowner.Theaimistoremovetheheaviest-polluting,mostdecrepitvehiclesfromtheroads.

DAspartofaEuropeanUnionenvironmentalprogramme,aLondoncouncilistestinganinfra-redspectrometerfromtheUniversityofDenverinColorado.Itgaugesthepollutionfromapassingvehicle-moreusefulthantheannualstationarytestthatistheBritishstandardtoday–bybouncingabeamthroughtheexhaustandmeasuringwhatgetsblocked.Thecouncil’snextstepmaybetolinkthesystemtoacomputerizedvideocameraabletoreadnumberplatesautomatically.

ETheefforttocleanupcarsmaydolittletocutpollutionifnothingisdoneaboutthetendencytodrivethemmore.LosAngeleshassomeoftheworld’scleanestcars–farbetterthanthoseofEurope–butthetotalnumberofmilesthosecars–drivecontinuestogrow.Onesolutioniscar-pooling,anarrangementinwhichanumberofpeoplewhosharethesamedestinationsharetheuseofonecar.However,theaveragenumberofpeopleincaronthefreewayinLosAngeles,whichis1.3,hasbeenfallingsteadily.Increasingitwouldbeaneffectivewayofreducingemissionsaswe’llaseasingcongestion.Thetroubleis,LosAngelinosseemtolikebeingaloneintheircars.

FSingaporehasforawhilehadaschemethatforcesdrivestobuyabadgeiftheywishtovisitacertainpartofthecity.Electronicinnovationsmakepossibleincreasingsophistication;

ratescanvaryaccordingtoroadconditions,timeofdayandsoon.Singaporeisadvancinginthisdirection,withacity-widenetworkoftransmitterstocollectinformationandchargedriversastheypasscertainpoints.Suchroad-pricing,however,canbecontroversial.WhenthelocalgovernmentinCambridge,England,consideredintroducingSingaporeantechniques,itfacedvocalandultimatelysuccessfulopposition.

Parttwo

Thescopeoftheproblemfacingtheword’scitiesisimmense.In1992,theUnitedNationsEnvironmentalProgrammeandtheWorldHealthOrganization（WHO）concludedthatallofasampleoftwentymegacities-placeslikelytohavemorethantenmillioninhabitantsintheyear2000-alreadyexceededtheleveltheWHOdeemshealthyinatleastonemajorpollution.Two-thirdsofthemexceededtheguidelinesfortwo,sevenfortwo,sevenforthreeormore.

OfthesixpollutantsmonitoredbytheWHO-carbondioxide,nitrogendioxide,ozone,sulphurdioxide,leadandparticulatematter-itisthislastcategorythatisattractingthemostattentionfromhealthresearchers.PM10,asub-categoryofparticulatemattermeasuringten–millionsofameteracross,hasbeenimplicatedinthousandsofdeathsayearinBritainalone.ResearchbeingconductedintwocountiesofSouthernCaliforniaisreadingsimilarlydisturbingconclusionsconcerningthislittle-understoodpollutant.

Aword-wideriseinallergies,particularlyasthma,over